This paper examines the transferability of the Safety Performance Function (SPF) of the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) and other 10 international SPFs for total crashes on rural multi-lane divided roads in Egypt. Four segmentation approaches are assessed in the transferability of the international SPFs, namely: (1) one-kilometer segments (S1); (2) homogenous sections (S2); (3) variable segments with respect to the presence of curvatures (S3); and (4) variable segments with respect to the presence of both curvatures and U-turns (S4). The Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD), Mean Prediction Bias (MPB), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Pearson χ² statistic, and Z-score parameters are used to evaluate the performance of the transferred models. The overdispersion parameter (k) for each transferred model and each segmentation approach is recalibrated using the local data by the maximum likelihood method. Before estimating the transferability calibration factor (Cr), three methods were used to adjust the local crash prediction of the transferred models, namely: (1) the HSM default crash modification factors (CMFs); (2) local CMFs; and (3) recalibrating the constant term of the transferred model. The latter method is found to outperform the first two methods. Besides, the results show that the segmentation method would affect the performance of the transferability process. Moreover, the Italian SPFs based on the S1 segmentation method outperforms the HSM and all of the investigated international SPFs for transferring their models to the Egyptian rural roads.

At the present time, laser scanning technology has become one of the most widely used technologies, and its importance appears in various fields and is not limited to one field. It also gets support from satellites and obtains an analysis of the area to be scanned, with the help of geographic information. This depends on the use of the Geographic Information System (GIS) program. GIS), thus enabling urban spatial planning, infrastructure design, and object monitoring and control. One of the types of laser scanning is the terrestrial laser scanning system. Therefore, it is necessary to study this technology in terms of the principles on which it depends in measurement, the type of laser beams used in the scanning process, which works to obtain the required accuracy and details, clarifying errors that affect the accuracy of the scanned data and working to avoid them, studying mathematical models, working to make all individual scanned data in one coordinate system, calibrating spherical reservoirs and working on developing them when scanning using a scanner Laser scanning, calibration of digital cameras and work to increase their speed and accuracy by using the ground scanner.