This paper is a compilation of notes on 142 fungal taxa, including five new families, 20 new genera, and 100 new species, representing a wide taxonomic and geographic range. The new families, Ascocylindricaceae, Caryosporaceae and Wicklowiaceae (Ascomycota) are introduced based on their distinct lineages and unique morphology. The new Dothideomycete genera Pseudomassariosphaeria (Amniculicolaceae), Heracleicola, Neodidymella and Pseudomicrosphaeriopsis (Didymellaceae), Pseudopithomyces (Didymosphaeriaceae), Brunneoclavispora, Neolophiostoma and Sulcosporium (Halotthiaceae), Lophiohelichrysum (Lophiostomataceae), Galliicola, Populocrescentia and Vagicola (Phaeosphaeriaceae), Ascocylindrica (Ascocylindricaceae), Elongatopedicellata (Roussoellaceae), Pseudoasteromassaria (Latoruaceae) and Pseudomonodictys (Macrodiplodiopsidaceae) are introduced. The newly described species of Dothideomycetes (Ascomycota) are Pseudomassariosphaeria bromicola (Amniculicolaceae), Flammeascoma lignicola (Anteagloniaceae), Ascocylindrica marina (Ascocylindricaceae), Lembosia xyliae (Asterinaceae), Diplodia crataegicola and Diplodia galiicola (Botryosphaeriaceae), Caryospora aquatica (Caryosporaceae), Heracleicola premilcurensis and Neodidymella thailandicum (Didymellaceae), Pseudopithomyces palmicola (Didymosphaeriaceae), Floricola viticola (Floricolaceae), Brunneoclavispora bambusae, Neolophiostoma pigmentatum and Sulcosporium thailandica (Halotthiaceae), Pseudoasteromassaria fagi (Latoruaceae), Keissleriella dactylidicola (Lentitheciaceae), Lophiohelichrysum helichrysi (Lophiostomataceae), Aquasubmersa japonica (Lophiotremataceae), Pseudomonodictys tectonae (Macrodiplodiopsidaceae), Microthyrium buxicola and Tumidispora shoreae (Microthyriaceae), Alloleptosphaeria clematidis, Allophaeosphaeria cytisi, Allophaeosphaeria subcylindrospora, Dematiopleospora luzulae, Entodesmium artemisiae, Galiicola pseudophaeosphaeria, Loratospora luzulae, Nodulosphaeria senecionis, Ophiosphaerella aquaticus, Populocrescentia forlicesenensis and Vagicola vagans (Phaeosphaeriaceae), Elongatopedicellata lignicola, Roussoella magnatum and Roussoella angustior (Roussoellaceae) and Shrungabeeja longiappendiculata (Tetraploasphaeriaceae). The new combinations Pseudomassariosphaeria grandispora, Austropleospora archidendri, Pseudopithomyces chartarum, Pseudopithomyces maydicus, Pseudopithomyces sacchari, Vagicola vagans, Punctulariopsis cremeoalbida and Punctulariopsis efibulata Dothideomycetes. The new genera Dictyosporella (Annulatascaceae), and Tinhaudeus (Halosphaeriaceae) are introduced in Sordariomycetes (Ascomycota) while Dictyosporella aquatica (Annulatascaceae), Chaetosphaeria rivularia (Chaetosphaeriaceae), Beauveria gryllotalpidicola and Beauveria loeiensis (Cordycipitaceae), Seimatosporium sorbi and Seimatosporium pseudorosarum (Discosiaceae), Colletotrichum aciculare, Colletotrichum fusiforme and Colletotrichum hymenocallidicola (Glomerellaceae), Tinhaudeus formosanus (Halosphaeriaceae), Pestalotiopsis subshorea and Pestalotiopsis dracaenea (Pestalotiopsiceae), Phaeoacremonium tectonae (Togniniaceae), Cytospora parasitica and Cytospora tanaitica (Valsaceae), Annulohypoxylon palmicola, Biscogniauxia effusae and Nemania fusoideis (Xylariaceae) are introduced as novel species to order Sordariomycetes. The newly described species of Eurotiomycetes are Mycocalicium hyaloparvicellulum (Mycocaliciaceae). Acarospora septentrionalis and Acarospora castaneocarpa (Acarosporaceae), Chapsa multicarpa and Fissurina carassensis (Graphidaceae), Sticta fuscotomentosa and Sticta subfilicinella (Lobariaceae) are newly introduced in class Lecanoromycetes. In class Pezizomycetes, Helvella pseudolacunosa and Helvella rugosa (Helvellaceae) are introduced as new species. The new families, Dendrominiaceae and Neoantrodiellaceae (Basidiomycota) are introduced together with a new genus Neoantrodiella (Neoantrodiellaceae), here based on both morphology coupled with molecular data. In the class Agaricomycetes, Agaricus pseudolangei, Agaricus haematinus, Agaricus atrodiscus and Agaricus exilissimus (Agaricaceae), Amanita melleialba, Amanita pseudosychnopyramis and Amanita subparvipantherina (Amanitaceae), Entoloma calabrum, Cora barbulata, Dictyonema gomezianum and Inocybe granulosa (Inocybaceae), Xerocomellus sarnarii (Boletaceae), Cantharellus eucalyptorum, Cantharellus nigrescens, Cantharellus tricolor and Cantharellus variabilicolor (Cantharellaceae), Cortinarius alboamarescens, Cortinarius brunneoalbus, Cortinarius ochroamarus, Cortinarius putorius and Cortinarius seidlii (Cortinariaceae), Hymenochaete micropora and Hymenochaete subporioides (Hymenochaetaceae), Xylodon ramicida (Schizoporaceae), Colospora andalasii (Polyporaceae), Russula guangxiensis and Russula hakkae (Russulaceae), Tremella dirinariae, Tremella graphidis and Tremella pyrenulae (Tremellaceae) are introduced. Four new combinations Neoantrodiella gypsea, Neoantrodiella thujae (Neoantrodiellaceae), Punctulariopsis cremeoalbida, Punctulariopsis efibulata (Punctulariaceae) are also introduced here for the division Basidiomycota. Furthermore Absidia caatinguensis, Absidia koreana and Gongronella koreana (Cunninghamellaceae), Mortierella pisiformis and Mortierella formosana (Mortierellaceae) are newly introduced in the Zygomycota, while Neocallimastix cameroonii and Piromyces irregularis (Neocallimastigaceae) are introduced in the Neocallimastigomycota. Reference specimens or changes in classification and notes are provided for Alternaria ethzedia, Cucurbitaria ephedricola, Austropleospora, Austropleospora archidendri, Byssosphaeria rhodomphala, Lophiostoma caulium, Pseudopithomyces maydicus, Massariosphaeria, Neomassariosphaeria and Pestalotiopsis montellica.

This paper is a compilation of notes on 110 fungal taxa, including one new family, 10 new genera, and 76 new species, representing a wide taxonomic and geographic range. The new family, Paradictyoarthriniaceae is introduced based on its distinct lineage in Dothideomycetes and its unique morphology. The family is sister to Biatriosporaceae and Roussoellaceae. The new genera are Allophaeosphaeria (Phaeosphaeriaceae), Amphibambusa (Amphisphaeriaceae), Brunneomycosphaerella (Capnodiales genera incertae cedis), Chaetocapnodium (Capnodiaceae), Flammeascoma (Anteagloniaceae), Multiseptospora (Pleosporales genera incertae cedis), Neogaeumannomyces (Magnaporthaceae), Palmiascoma (Bambusicolaceae), Paralecia (Squamarinaceae) and Sarimanas (Melanommataceae). The newly described species are the Ascomycota Aliquandostipite manochii, Allophaeosphaeria dactylidis, A. muriformia, Alternaria cesenica, Amphibambusa bambusicola, Amphisphaeria sorbi, Annulohypoxylon thailandicum, Atrotorquata spartii, Brunneomycosphaerella laburni, Byssosphaeria musae, Camarosporium aborescentis, C. aureum, C. frutexensis, Chaetocapnodium siamensis, Chaetothyrium agathis, Colletotrichum sedi, Conicomyces pseudotransvaalensis, Cytospora berberidis, C. sibiraeae, Diaporthe thunbergiicola, Diatrype palmicola, Dictyosporium aquaticum, D. meiosporum, D. thailandicum, Didymella cirsii, Dinemasporium nelloi, Flammeascoma bambusae, Kalmusia italica, K. spartii, Keissleriella sparticola, Lauriomyces synnematicus, Leptosphaeria ebuli, Lophiostoma pseudodictyosporium, L. ravennicum, Lophiotrema eburnoides, Montagnula graminicola, Multiseptospora thailandica, Myrothecium macrosporum, Natantispora unipolaris, Neogaeumannomyces bambusicola, Neosetophoma clematidis, N. italica, Oxydothis atypica, Palmiascoma gregariascomum, Paraconiothyrium nelloi, P. thysanolaenae, Paradictyoarthrinium tectonicola, Paralecia pratorum, Paraphaeosphaeria spartii, Pestalotiopsis digitalis, P. dracontomelon, P. italiana, Phaeoisaria pseudoclematidis, Phragmocapnias philippinensis, Pseudocamarosporium cotinae, Pseudocercospora tamarindi, Pseudotrichia rubriostiolata, P. thailandica, Psiloglonium multiseptatum, Saagaromyces mangrovei, Sarimanas pseudofluviatile, S. shirakamiense, Tothia spartii, Trichomerium siamensis, Wojnowicia dactylidicola, W. dactylidis and W. lonicerae. The Basidiomycota Agaricus flavicentrus, A. hanthanaensis, A. parvibicolor, A. sodalis, Cantharellus luteostipitatus, Lactarius atrobrunneus, L. politus, Phylloporia dependens and Russula cortinarioides are also introduced. Epitypifications or reference specimens are designated for Hapalocystis berkeleyi, Meliola tamarindi, Pallidocercospora acaciigena, Phaeosphaeria musae, Plenodomus agnitus, Psiloglonium colihuae, P. sasicola and Zasmidium musae while notes and/or new sequence data are provided for Annulohypoxylon leptascum, A. nitens, A. stygium, Biscogniauxia marginata, Fasciatispora nypae, Hypoxylon fendleri, H. monticulosum, Leptosphaeria doliolum, Microsphaeropsis olivacea, Neomicrothyrium, Paraleptosphaeria nitschkei, Phoma medicaginis and Saccotheciaceae. A full description of each species is provided with light micrographs (or drawings). Molecular data is provided for 90 taxa and used to generate phylogenetic trees to establish a natural classification for species.

Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota that comprises a highly diverse range of fungi characterized mainly by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci. The class includes many important plant pathogens, as well as endophytes, saprobes, epiphytes, coprophilous and fungicolous, lichenized or lichenicolous taxa. They occur in terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats worldwide. This paper reviews the 107 families of the class Sordariomycetes and provides a modified backbone tree based on phylogenetic analysis of four combined loci, with a maximum five representative taxa from each family, where available. This paper brings together for the first time, since Barrs’ 1990 Prodromus, descriptions, notes on the history, and plates or illustrations of type or representative taxa of each family, a list of accepted genera, including asexual genera and a key to these taxa of Sordariomycetes. Delineation of taxa is supported where possible by molecular data. The outline is based on literature to the end of 2015 and the Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses, 32 orders, 105 families and 1331 genera. The family Obryzaceae and Pleurotremataceae are excluded from the class.

Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota and is characterised by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci. The class includes many important plant pathogens, as well as endophytes, saprobes, epiphytes, and fungicolous, lichenized or lichenicolous taxa. The class includes freshwater, marine and terrestrial taxa and has a worldwide distribution. This paper provides an updated outline of the Sordariomycetes and a backbone tree incorporating asexual and sexual genera in the class. Based on phylogeny and morphology we introduced three subclasses; Diaporthomycetidae, Lulworthiomycetidae and Meliolomycetidae and five orders; Amplistromatales, Annulatascales, Falcocladiales, Jobellisiales and Togniniales. The outline is based on literature to the end of 2014 and the backbone tree published in this paper. Notes for 397 taxa with information, such as new family and genera novelties, novel molecular data published since the Outline of Ascomycota 2009, and new links between sexual and asexual genera and thus synonymies, are provided. The Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses, 28 orders, 90 families and 1344 genera. In addition a list of 829 genera with uncertain placement in Sordariomycetes is also provided.

Freshwater fungi comprises a highly diverse group of organisms occurring in freshwater habitats throughout the world. During a survey of freshwater fungi on submerged wood in streams and lakes, a wide range of sexual and asexual species were collected mainly from karst regions in China and Thailand. Phylogenetic inferences using partial gene regions of LSU, ITS, SSU, TEF1α, and RPB2 sequences revealed that most of these fungi belonged to Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes and a few were related to Eurotiomycetes. Based on the morphology and multi-gene phylogeny, we introduce four new genera, viz. Aquabispora, Neocirrenalia, Ocellisimilis and Uvarisporella, and 47 new species, viz. Acrodictys chishuiensis, A. effusa, A. pyriformis, Actinocladium aquaticum, Annulatascus tratensis, Aquabispora setosa, Aqualignicola setosa, Aquimassariosphaeria vermiformis, Ceratosphaeria flava, Chaetosphaeria polygonalis, Conlarium muriforme, Digitodesmium chishuiense, Ellisembia aquirostrata, Fuscosporella atrobrunnea, Halobyssothecium aquifusiforme, H. caohaiense, Hongkongmyces aquisetosus, Kirschsteiniothelia dushanensis, Monilochaetes alsophilae, Mycoenterolobium macrosporum, Myrmecridium splendidum, Neohelicascus griseoflavus, Neohelicomyces denticulatus, Neohelicosporium fluviatile, Neokalmusia aquibrunnea, Neomassariosphaeria aquimucosa, Neomyrmecridium naviculare, Neospadicoides biseptata, Ocellisimilis clavata, Ophioceras thailandense, Paragaeumannomyces aquaticus, Phialoturbella aquilunata, Pleurohelicosporium hyalinum, Pseudodactylaria denticulata, P. longidenticulata, P. uniseptata, Pseudohalonectria aurantiaca, Rhamphoriopsis aquimicrospora, Setoseptoria bambusae, Shrungabeeja fluviatilis, Sporidesmium tratense, S. versicolor, Sporoschisma atroviride, Stanjehughesia aquatica, Thysanorea amniculi, Uvarisporella aquatica and Xylolentia aseptata, with an illustrated account, discussion of their taxonomic placement and comparison with morphological similar taxa. Seven new combinations are introduced, viz. Aquabispora grandispora (≡ Boerlagiomyces grandisporus), A. websteri (≡ Boerlagiomyces websteri), Ceratosphaeria suthepensis (≡ Pseudohalonectria suthepensis), Gamsomyces aquaticus (≡ Pseudobactrodesmium aquaticum), G. malabaricus (≡ Gangliostilbe malabarica), Neocirrenalia nigrospora (≡ Cirrenalia nigrospora), and Rhamphoriopsis glauca (≡ Chloridium glaucum). Ten new geographical records are reported in China and Thailand and nine species are first reported from freshwater habitats. Reference specimens are provided for Diplocladiella scalaroides and Neocirrenalia nigrospora (≡ Cirrenalia nigrospora). Systematic placement of the previously introduced genera Actinocladium, Aqualignicola, and Diplocladiella is first elucidated based on the reference specimens and new collections. Species recollected from China and Thailand are also described and illustrated. The overall trees of freshwater Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes collected in this study are provided respectively and genera or family/order trees are constructed for selected taxa.

This study documents the morphology and phylogeny of ascomycetes collected from karst landscapes of Guizhou Province, China. Based on morphological characteristics in conjunction with DNA sequence data, 70 species are identified and distributed in two classes (Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes), 16 orders, 41 families and 60 genera. One order Planisphaeriales, four families Leptosphaerioidaceae, Neoleptosporellaceae, Planisphaeriaceae and Profundisphaeriaceae, ten genera Conicosphaeria, Karstiomyces, Leptosphaerioides, Neoceratosphaeria, Neodiaporthe, Neodictyospora, Planisphaeria, Profundisphaeria, Stellatus and Truncatascus, and 34 species (Amphisphaeria karsti, Anteaglonium hydei, Atractospora terrestris, Conicosphaeria vaginatispora, Corylicola hydei, Diaporthe cylindriformispora, Dictyosporium karsti, Hysterobrevium karsti, Karstiomyces guizhouensis, Leptosphaerioides guizhouensis, Lophiotrema karsti, Murispora hydei, Muyocopron karsti, Neoaquastroma guizhouense, Neoceratosphaeria karsti, Neodiaporthe reniformispora, Neodictyospora karsti, Neoheleiosa guizhouensis, Neoleptosporella fusiformispora, Neoophiobolus filiformisporum, Ophioceras guizhouensis, Ophiosphaerella karsti, Paraeutypella longiasca, Paraeutypella karsti, Patellaria guizhouensis, Planisphaeria karsti, Planisphaeria reniformispora, Poaceascoma herbaceum, Profundisphaeria fusiformispora, Pseudocoleophoma guizhouensis, Pseudopolyplosphaeria guizhouensis, Stellatus guizhouensis, Sulcatispora karsti and Truncatascus microsporus) are introduced as new to science. Moreover, 13 new geographical records for China are also reported, which are Acrocalymma medicaginis, Annulohypoxylon thailandicum, Astrosphaeriella bambusae, Diaporthe novem, Hypoxylon rubiginosum, Ophiosphaerella agrostidis, Ophiosphaerella chiangraiensis, Patellaria atrata, Polyplosphaeria fusca, Psiloglonium macrosporum, Sarimanas shirakamiense, Thyridaria broussonetiae and Tremateia chromolaenae. Additionally, the family Eriomycetaceae was resurrected as a non-lichenized family and accommodated within Monoblastiales. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of all these taxa are provided.