The aim of the article is to identify the risk factors affecting bancassurance development in Poland. The development is understood here as a change of gross written premiums obtained through banks in Poland. The group of risk factors selected in a survey conducted among financial sector employees was subject to statistical verification. The analysis used both variables directly related to the insurance product (e.g., a regulatory restriction of insurance acquisition costs) as well as those resulting from the specificity of the bancassurance channel, such as the sales of banking products, i.e., cash loans, housing loans and the value of funds placed by customers on deposits. The study was conducted on the basis of data on the gross premiums written in Poland in the years 2004–2019. The result of the applied model confirms the assumptions and the importance of insurance distribution in banks. Significant risk factors (statistically significant) which determine gross premiums written in the bancassurance channel are: the size of policyholder’s family (number of children, dependants) represented by the average number of people in a household in Poland, demand on mortgage loans represents by bank housing loans for households and agent’s commission, represented by the ratio of acquisition costs to gross written premium. The results of the econometric model obtained are consistent with expectations arising from the principles and practice of cooperation between banks and insurers as well as the specificity of insurance products distribution (also local) in the bancassurance channel.

Factors determining the demand for different types of insurance and consumer behaviours have been the subject of many studies. The analysed factors included cultural dimensions, i.e. certain aspects of culture that could be measured, which allows determining the position of a given culture in relation to others. However, the research results were very diverse, which motivated the authors to conduct their own research. The aim of the study discussed in the article was to verify the relationship between Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and insurance demand in selected European countries. It covered various types of insurance: life insurance, property and casualty insurance, motor insurance, general liability insurance and health insurance, as well as all types of insurance in total. The study used secondary data relating to 27 countries and the years 2004–2020 presented on the Insurance Europe and Geert Hofstede websites. Six Hofstede’s cultural dimension indices: the power distance index, individualism vs. collectivism, masculinity vs. femininity, the uncertainty avoidance index, longterm normative orientation vs. short-term normative orientation and indulgence vs. restraint, as well as insurance density (total premiums per inhabitant) were used as variables in the models. The research confirmed the lack of or a very weak relationship between most Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and the demand for insurance, except the indulgence dimension. The relationship between this factor and insurance demand proved significant, which is important not only from a methodological point of view (little interest devoted to this indicator in the literature), but also from a business perspective (e.g. from a marketing communication perspective).

This paper explores the determinants of demand for voluntary comprehensive car insurance (CASCO) in Poland. The study aims to identify the impact of acquisition costs and household disposable income on insurance uptake. Utilizing a multilayer perceptron neural network model, the research analyzes the relationship between motor insurance expenditures and two key variables: the disposable income of households and the acquisition costs ratio between voluntary CASCO and Mandatory Third-Party Liability insurance. The findings, validated by robust diagnostic tests, a linear ordinary least squares model as a benchmark and a leave-one-out cross-validation procedure, reveal that both factors are statistically significant predictors of demand. The results indicate that the expansion of the CASCO market in Poland is driven not only by rising consumer affluence but also by the commission ratio, which motivates intermediaries to prioritize voluntary products. This suggests a supply push mechanism where distribution costs shape market dynamics.

Introduction: This article addresses the relationship between the share of social insurance benefits in disposable income and employees’ private insurance expenditures in Poland. Identifying the direction and dynamics of this dependency is crucial for both the effectiveness of social policy and forecasting trends in the private insurance market.Objective: The study aims to empirically assess the impact of income structure – specifically the shares of social insurance benefits and labor income in total disposable income – on the demand for four categories of private insurance based on the classification of Statistics Poland (GUS): life, health, transport-related and housing-related insurance. The research tests the hypothesis of opposing effects of the income effect (labor income) and the substitution effect (social insurance benefits).Materials and Methods: The analysis is based on data from the Household Budget Surveys conducted by Statistics Poland (GUS) between 2013 and 2024, which are widely recognized as the most reliable source for this type of research in Poland. To identify the relationships between the shares of income sources and expenditures on various categories of private insurance, neural network modeling and cross-correlation were applied.Results: The findings support the research hypothesis for three out of the four analyzed types of private insurance. A negative correlation was identified between the share of social insurance benefits in total disposable income and expenditures on private life, health and transport-related insurance, confirming the presence of a substitution effect. However, different, though inconclusive, results were obtained for housing-related insurance. Conversely, the share of labor income was found to have a positive impact across all analyzed categories of private insurance. The results indicate that social insurance serves as a significant substitute for private insurance policies purchased by employees in Poland.

Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician vol.70, 2025, 6, Application of Artificial Intelligence in official statistics in the context of the Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics, DOI https://doi.org/10.59139/ws.2025.06.4, Norbert Duczkowski Lubomir Słowik