The effect of the addition of small amounts of meat and bone meal (MBM) ash on the clinkering process and on the hydraulic reactivity of obtained clinkers was studied. The study was aimed at simulating the clinker burning process in an industrial furnace that replaced up to 20 wt% conventional fuel with MBM used as alternative fuel. Laboratory clinkers were obtained by adding from 0.07 to 0.88 wt.% of MBM ash to an industrial raw mixture, and were compared with a clinker obtained without additions. The free lime content in the clinker increased steadily when the concentration of phosphorus was increased up to a level of 0.16 wt% P₂O₅ in the raw mixture. With higher phosphorus additions the free lime content increased only insignificantly. The results of X-ray microanalysis indicated that a maximum of 2.3 and 3.3% of the silicon sites were replaced by phosphorus in alite and belite, respectively. The clinker containing 0.6 wt% P₂O₅ slowed down the hydration process for approximately 1 day and thereafter began to exceed the degree of hydration of the reference sample. The values of degree of hydration of clinker rich in P₂O₅ exceeded the reference sample at 7 and 28 days by approximately 3 and 5%, respectively.

In this work, synthesis and optical properties of a new composite based on poly(o-phenylenediamine) (POPD) fiber like structures, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) spheres and double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) are reported. As increasing the PVDF weight in the mixture of the chemical polymerization reaction of o-phenylenediamine, the presence of the PVDF spheres onto the POPD fibers surface is highlighted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The down-shift of the Raman line from 1421 cm⁻¹ to 1415 cm⁻¹ proves the covalent functionalization of DWNTs with the POPD-PVDF blends. The changes in the absorbance of the IR bands peaked around 840, 881, 1240 and 1402 cm⁻¹ indicate hindrance steric effects induced of DWNTs to the POPD fiber like structures and the PVDF spheres, as a consequence of the functionalization process of carbon nanotubes with macromolecular compounds. The presence of the PVDF spheres onto the POPD fiber like structures surface induces a POPD photoluminescence (PL) quenching process. An additional PL quenching process of the POPD-PVDF blends is reported to be induced in the presence of DWNTs. The studies of anisotropic PL highlight a change of the angle of the binding of the PVDF spheres onto the POPD fiber like structures surface from 50.2° to 38° when the carbon nanotubes concentration increases in the POPD-PVDF/DWNTs composites mass up to 2 wt.%.