It is indisputable that coopetition exerts an influence on firm performance. However, a critical question persists: How should we comprehensively measure the performance of coopetition itself?. This paper addresses the inconsistencies in understanding coopetition performance by proposing a comprehensive and multi-dimensional approach to its operationalization. The methodology employed to develop an operationalization framework covered field and desk research implemented sequentially. The first stage used a meta-systematic literature review to identify how coopetition performance has been operationalized and measured in quantitative studies to date. The second stage used online focus group interviews to verify and develop the findings from the desk research. This stage aimed to gain a shared approach to the understanding and operationalization of coopetition performance based on discussion and confrontation of the literature with the (consistent, inconsistent, but also contradictory) opinions of experienced coopetition researchers. This study offers a noteworthy contribution by presenting a definition and five specific recommendations for the operationalization of coopetition performance, and highlighting approaches to be avoided. These findings enhance our comprehension of the coopetition performance construct, thereby advancing the knowledge in the field.

PURPOSE: Although coopetition was defined three decades ago and is intensively investigated, its theoretical and research cognition remains far from thoroughly understood. The lack of conceptual consistency prevents researchers from conducting comparable research, leading to more generalizable results, and thus from building coherent knowledge. This study addresses the above shortcoming by the development of operationalizations of two types of attributes assigned to coopetition: strategic attributes characterizing coopetition strategies and relational attributes characterizing coopetitive relationships. METHODOLOGY: In our study, we adopted a two-step research process consisting of qualitative verification of a list of 8 coopetition attributes (2 strategic and 6 relational) identified in prior literature as relevant for coopetition success and the development of integrative conceptualization and measurement approaches for them. The verification was conducted through focus group interviews with scholars experienced in coopetition research and senior managers from firms adopting coopetition strategies. The measurement approaches for the positively verified attributes were developed through the integration of (1) approaches used so far in coopetition literature, (2) approaches used to date in the literature on the features of inter-organizational relationships, and (3) approaches that emerged during the focus group interviews. FINDINGS: This study shows two strategic (i.e., dynamics and paradoxicality) and six relational (i.e., asymmetry, complexity, intensity, mutual dependence, strength, and tensions) coopetition attributes as heterogeneously relevant for coopetition success and offers multi-item operationalizations for them derived from a combination of prior literature and qualitative research. IMPLICATIONS: Our paper shows strategic and relational attributes of coopetition as theoretically and practically relevant for coopetition success. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: As a contribution, this study offers scientifically grounded operationalizations of eight attributive success factors of coopetition. The developed measurement proposals can find valuable applications in two ways. First, coopetition researchers can use them in their studies, and a consistent measurement approach will allow for the comparison of research results, bringing us closer to drawing more general conclusions. Second, coopetition practitioners can use these proposals when managing coopetition, for instance, to evaluate, monitor, and intentionally shape them to make coopetition (more) successful.

This paper discusses the problem of retailers’ profit maximization regarding displaying products on the planogram shelves, which may have different dimensions in each store but allocate the same product sets. We develop a mathematical model and a genetic algorithm for solving the shelf space allocation problem with the criteria of retailers’ profit maximization. The implemented program executes in a reasonable time. The quality of the genetic algorithm has been evaluated using the CPLEX solver. We determine four groups of constraints for the products that should be allocated on a shelf: shelf constraints, shelf type constraints, product constraints, and virtual segment constraints. The validity of the developed genetic algorithm has been checked on 25 retailing test cases. Computational results prove that the proposed approach allows for obtaining efficient results in short running time, and the developed complex shelf space allocation model, which considers multiple attributes of a shelf, segment, and product, as well as product capping and nesting allocation rule, is of high practical relevance. The proposed approach allows retailers to receive higher store profits with regard to the actual merchandising rules.

Purpose: The main aim of the paper is to determine the relationship between technology transfer as a part of open innovation process on organizational innovation in surveyed firms, what has been investigated empirically. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study is based on a survey on firms (n=100) located in Poland. The research model defines the relationship between technology transfer and organizational innovation in the enterprises has been developed. The survey uses the multi stepwise regression modelling. Findings: The surveys has determined the positive relationship between technology transfer and organizational innovations of researched firms. A strong direct effect on surveyed firm's organizational innovations have different channels of material and non-material technology transfer as well as coopetition for innovation. Practical implications: From the practical point of view it is important that practitioners as managers should invest more effort in innovation activity connected with software development in their companies and coopetition, firstly started from cooperation with the research centers and universities for innovation, based on common innovation projects. Originality/Value: Regarding its methodology, this survey is one of the first studies examining the relationship between technology transfer and technological innovation of firms based on individual-level data and according to the theory. This findings suggest that measurement of technology transfer and its specific channels should be developed further as it is important in firm competitiveness and innovativeness level of firms.

Purpose: This study examines what is the significance of the features of inter-organizational relationships in consecutive phases of the relationship life cycle.Design/methodology/approach: Qu antitative, large-scale surveying was run on 786 software developers operating in Poland. The research hypothesis regarding the systematic increase of relational features (i.e. commitment, communication, (lack of) conflict, cooperation, intensity, investments, longevity, multidimensionality of bonds, trust, and velocity) across the particular relationship life cycle phase le (i.e. initial, development, maintenance, dormant/end, and reactivation) was verified using ANOVA and post-hoc tests.Findings: The results show that the majority of considered features of inter-organizational relationships non-significantly but progressively strengthen from the initial phase, through the development phase, to the maintenance phase, then significantly weaken in the dormant/end phase and strengthen again in the reactivation phase. Interestingly, velocity–as the only examined feature–significantly increases in dormant/end and then decreases if the relationship is reactivated.Originality/value: Prior studies were focusing on single feature, this one offers a holistic view considering ten relational facets. Moreover, this is one of the few research studies exploring the changes of relational features adopting the life cycle perspective.

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