Breast cancer, a common and deadly cancer for woman, is gradually increasing each year. It can be cured at early stages. Magnetic resonance imaging, Mammography, Tomography, Ultrasound, and Biopsy are some of the medical technologies that can be used to identify breast cancer. However, none of them are as simple and effective as a microwave imaging (MI) technique. MI is a non-ionizing, noninvasive, tumor-sensitive, low-cost approach that consumes low power. The performance of MI is primarily determined by the antenna employed in the system. In this paper, we propose a new partial ground plane and slots-based miniature patch antenna designed for breast tumor detection within the FCC’s authorized range (3.1 GHz–10.6 GHz). The dimension of this antenna is 30 × 20 mm². High frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software is used to design a breast phantom with and without a tumor, and the antenna is separately simulated on both the tumored and tumor-free breast phantoms. The presence of a tumor within the breast is clearly depicted by the changes in return loss, VSWR, current density, electric field, and magnetic field strengths. The findings demonstrate that the proposed antenna is a suitable sensor which can detect a very tiny size tumor (2 mm) due to its compact size and broad bandwidth.

The demand for compact, lightweight, and high-performance antennas has increased in recent times in the communication industry. Microstrip patch antenna (MPA) becomes a better choice to effectively fulfill these requirements. In this study, hybrid techniques of partial ground plane, slotted patch, and defective ground structure are employed in MPA design to reduce the return loss, good impedance matching, and increased the bandwidth, gain, and efficiency of the antenna. This research demonstrates the impact of altering the feed point position, a crucial phenomenon of antenna design, on the patch antenna and determines the proper feed point location by comparing a minimum return loss (S11) which achieves the highest performance for the designed antenna. High-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software is used to design and simulate the patch antenna. The operating frequency of the antenna is 6.85 GHz for UWB applications (3.1–10.6 GHz). A FR4 epoxy substrate material with dimensions of 30 mm × 20 mm is used to design the antenna. It has a dielectric constant of 4.4, a thickness of 0.8 mm and a tangent loss of 0.02. Multiple resonant frequencies are observed with different return losses for each feed location. The analysis shows that the finest feeding point is found at the center of the patch (9, 0) with a very low return loss (-28.35 dB), and a high impedance bandwidth (19.7 GHz). The antenna also achieved a gain of 4.46 dB, a directivity of 4.6904 dB, and a radiation efficiency of 95.90%. Hence, the location of the feed point can be considered as an influential factor in the antenna design.

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), antennas play a crucial role in enlarging network capacity, prolonging transmission distances, fostering spatial reuse, and minimizing interference. This paper delineates a miniature rectangular patch antenna featuring partial grounding, meticulously engineered for the WLAN (wireless local area network) to promote real-time operations within WSNs. The main goal is to augment the creation and execution of a patch antenna that aligns with the typical size and power constraints of WSN nodes. The antenna is engineered and simulated for a 2.4 GHz WLAN frequency band (2.4 – 2.48 GHz) by leveraging CST Microwave Studio 2024. It is fabricated on a 45 mm × 50 mm FR4 substrate (εr = 4.3, thickness = 1.4 mm, loss tangent = 0.025). The antenna is energized via a 50 Ω microstrip inset-feed line. This antenna demonstrates a substantial bandwidth of 159.729 MHz (2.31963 GHz to 2.479359 GHz), an impressive return loss of – 48.15956 dB, a VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) of 1.007848, a directivity of 4.7 dBi, a gain of 3.04 dBi, and an efficiency of 68.21%. These performance indicators illustrate the antenna’s effectiveness in enabling short-range communication within WSNs. With its compact design, broad bandwidth, and strong performance metrics, this antenna is an efficient and cost-effective solution suitable for various applications in WSNs, including industrial automation, environmental monitoring, healthcare, and smart city initiatives, ensuring reliable and high-quality wireless communication.

This paper presents design of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna by using multi-slotted patch and partial grounding plane techniques for both the gain and bandwidth enhancement at the same time. The antenna is designed and simulated for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications using a high frequency structure simulator (HFSS) on FR4_epoxy substrate having a size of 30×20 mm with a dielectric permittivity of 4.4, a tangent loss of 0.02, and a thickness of 0.8 mm and excited by a simple 50 Ω microstrip feed line. The simulation results show that the antenna attains an improved gain of 8.06 dB with a wider impedance bandwidth of 19.7 GHz ranges from 3.15 to 22.85 GHz. The antenna also achieves an efficiency of 96.83% with a return loss of -28.35 dB, and a directivity of 9.39 dB within the entire frequency range. These results imply that the deployment of multi-slotted patch and partial grounding techniques in designing a rectangular microstrip patch antenna is effective in improving its performance.

The aim of this research is to describe the design and construction process of a microchannel as a multimode lx2 Y-groove optical planar power splitter which will be cost effective and analyzed for short haul backbone optical communication systems. The splitter was designed by using Solidworks software for connecting with specific lmm core diameter fiber and fabricated directly by an FDM 3D printer. NOA glue were used to fill up the core, on the other hand, the design structure of substrate and cover layers was fabricated by ABS polymer. Then, an efficient ultra-smoothing technique was applied and the insertion losses of the splitter were measured.