Microplastic that was exposed to the environment is much more likely internalized by cells than pure unmodified microplastic.

Metal halide perovskites are the first solution processed semiconductors that can compete in their functionality with conventional semiconductors, such as silicon. Over the past several years, perovskite semiconductors have reported breakthroughs in various optoelectronic devices, such as solar cells, photodetectors, light emitting and memory devices, and so on. Until now, perovskite semiconductors face challenges regarding their stability, reproducibility, and toxicity. In this Roadmap, we combine the expertise of chemistry, physics, and device engineering from leading experts in the perovskite research community to focus on the fundamental material properties, the fabrication methods, characterization and photophysical properties, perovskite devices, and current challenges in this field. We develop a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art and offer readers an informed perspective of where this field is heading and what challenges we have to overcome to get to successful commercialization.

A stable C₆₀ derivative bearing an azide functional group has been prepared and used as a building block for the preparation of a fullerene–porphyrin conjugate (F–P–F) by reaction with a Zn(II)–porphyrin bearing two terminal alkyne groups under the copper mediated Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition conditions. The electrochemical and photophysical properties of the resulting multicomponent system have been investigated in detail. In benzonitrile, F–P–F undergoes photoinduced electron transfer and the resulting charge separated state is relatively long lived (τ = 0.48 µs). In contrast, intramolecular energy transfer has been evidenced in toluene, with the generation of the fullerene triplet level upon selective excitation of the porphyrin moiety. In this solvent, a CT emission band is observed in the near-infrared region (λ_max = 940 nm) as a consequence of a conformational equilibrium causing, to a minor extent, the formation of intramolecular porphyrin–fullerene tight pairs. This finding is supported by measurements of singlet oxygen sensitization and quenching of the long-lived fullerene centered triplet state in the oxygen free solution.