In humans and dogs, loco-regional anesthesia is associated with lower peri-operative opioid consumption and less related side effects. The combination of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) and intercostal blocks can be used to desensitize the entire abdominal wall in dogs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of TAP and intercostal blocks in bitches undergoing laparoscopic ovariectomy. Twenty client-owned bitches were enrolled in this double-blinded randomized controlled trial. After premedication with dexmedetomidine, methadone and ketamine, the animals were randomized into two groups. Dogs in the TAP group received intercostal blocks from T8 to T10 and a TAP block with ropivacaine. Dogs in the FEN group received a fentanyl bolus and a constant rate infusion for the entire duration of the procedure. Intra-operative cardiovascular stability, post-operative pain scores, rescue opioid requirement, dysphoria during recovery, time to attain sternal recumbency and interest in food at 6 h post-extubation were compared. Bitches in the TAP group received a statistically significant lower amount of rescue fentanyl intra-operatively and methadone post-operatively. Pain scores were lower in the TAP group until 6 h post-extubation. No difference was found for dysphoric recoveries, time to attain sternal recumbency and appetite at 6 h post-extubation. No adverse event was recorded for any of the dogs. The combination of TAP and intercostal blocks can be part of an effective multi-modal analgesic strategy in bitches undergoing laparoscopic ovariectomy.

To compare the perioperative analgesic effect of lateral versus latero-ventral quadratus lumborum block (QLB) in dogs undergoing laparoscopic ovariectomy. Randomized, blinded clinical study. A total of 15 client-owned female dogs undergoing laparoscopic ovariectomy. Animals were randomly assigned to receive a bilateral QLB, performed with 0.3 mL kg^-1 ropivacaine 0.5%, either with lateral (group L_QLB, n = 7) or latero-ventral approach (group LV_QLB, n = 7). Dogs were premedicated intramuscularly with methadone 0.2 mg kg^-1 and dexmedetomidine 3 μg kg^-1. General anaesthesia was induced intravenously (IV) with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Cardiovascular and respiratory variables were continuously monitored and recorded every 5 minutes during surgery. Fentanyl 3 μg kg^-1 was administered IV if there was a 20% increase in heart rate and/or mean arterial pressure from previous values recorded 5 minutes before. Meloxicam 0.2 mg kg^-1 was administered IV to all dogs during recovery. The short-form of the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale was used hourly for 8 hours post-QLB. Methadone 0.2 mg kg^-1 was administered IV when pain score was ≥ 6/24. A chi-square test compared the number of dogs requiring intraoperative rescue fentanyl. A Friedman test with a Dunn's post hoc was used to evaluate the trend in postoperative pain scores within each group, and a Mann-Whitney U test compared scores between the groups at each time point; p < 0.05. Significantly fewer dogs required intraoperative rescue fentanyl in group L_QLB than in group LV_QLB. No dog required postoperative rescue methadone, and there were no significant differences in pain scores. Bilateral QLB performed with lateral approach reduced the number of dogs requiring intraoperative rescue analgesia in comparison with the latero-ventral approach. No differences were detected postoperatively, possibly owing to the confounding effects of methadone, dexmedetomidine and meloxicam.

Mast cell tumour (MCT) is a common cutaneous and subcutaneous neoplasia in dogs. It can metastasise to lymph nodes (LNs), and this adversely affects the prognosis and treatment. The study aims to evaluate the SLN mapping of MCTs with radiographic indirect lymphography. Dogs that underwent clinical staging were prospectively enrolled. Lipiodol was injected around the MCT or the surgical scar. After 24 h, LNs that picked up contrast were radiographically assessed. Twenty-six dogs with 29 MCTs were included. MCTs were confirmed histologically, while SLNs were evaluated either by cytology and/or histology. SLNs were detectable in 23 dogs with 26 MCTs. Lymphatic vessels were visible in 19 MCTs. In nine MCTs, at least two SLNs picked up contrast. In particular, seven MCTs involved two SLNs, and two MCTs involved three different SLNs. In nine MCTs, at least a SLN was metastatic. This study indicates that the lymph drainage pattern of the MCTs may be different for each MCT, and more than one SLN can be involved. Indirect lymphangiography with Lipiodol allowed the detection of the SLN in 90% of MCTs. This provided clinically relevant information to remove the LN and stage the patient.

Minimally invasive surgery is increasingly being used in veterinary medicine. Laparoscopic procedures have several advantages compared with open surgery. These include the magnification of the field of surgery, reduced post-surgical pain and associated stress, reduced post-operative infection rates, and decreased hospitalization time. The establishment of a pneumoperitoneum is a critical step; however, this procedure can prolong the operation time, and most of the complications associated with laparoscopic surgery have been attributed to the insertion of devices into the abdominal cavity. Two main techniques have been employed to create pneumoperitoneum: the closed-entry method using the Veress needle and the open Hasson technique. The first portal is necessary to start insufflation and, subsequently, to realize the operative channel to insert the laparoscopic instruments into the abdomen. Many authors have compared the time necessary to create the first portal using different techniques in human medicine, but studies on this topic in veterinary medicine are lacking. In the veterinary medicine literature, complications associated with the creation of a pneumoperitoneum and the placement of ports include spleen, bowel, or bladder injuries; pneumothorax; and subcutaneous emphysema. The aim of the present study was to compare the times required for the placement of the first portal and the creation of pneumoperitoneum, and the rates of intraoperative complications using the Veress needle technique (VNT) and the open modified Hasson technique (MHT). The sample population comprised 30 female dogs who underwent laparoscopic ovariectomies. The dogs were randomly organized into two groups and two different entry techniques were used: Veress needle (VNT = group A) and the modified Hasson technique (MHT = group B). Complications related to abdominal entry were classified as major, in cases of organ perforation, and minor, in cases of subcutaneous emphysema and gas leakage. The VNT and MHT required 374.0 s and 242.9 s, respectively, for the placement of the first portal and for establishing pneumoperitoneum (p < 0.05). Their major complications rates were 20% and 0%, respectively (p < 0.05). Their minor complications rates were 20% and 35%, respectively (p < 0.05). No surgical procedures required laparotomy. The MHT was associated with a lower major complication rate and required less time to create the first portal, compared with the Veress needle technique.

Stage III laryngeal collapse is defined as the collapse of the corniculate processes of the arytenoid cartilages and the destructuration of the dorsal portion of the rima glottidis. The primary cause is chronic upper airway obstruction, and the condition is often present in brachycephalic dogs. The treatment is still controversial; the patients are generally treated with a permanent tracheostomy. This article reports the authors’ experience with 16 dogs affected by stage III laryngeal collapse treated with subtotal epiglottectomy and the ablation of unilateral arytenoid cartilage. Before the surgery, all of the dogs underwent an effort test to classify the clinical severity of the disease and an endoscopic examination of the airways to determine the stage of severity of the laryngeal collapse. One month after surgery, the effort test was repeated in order to evaluate the clinical outcome. One year after surgery, the owners of 12 patients rated their dogs as follows: excellent in five cases, good in five cases, and fair in two cases. According to this pilot study, epiglottectomy associated with the photoablation of unilateral arytenoid cartilage increases airway flow, and thus may be considered a valid surgical procedure to treat dogs affected by grade III laryngeal collapse.

Chronic non-septic pleural effusion is a condition that frequently may occur because of lung or pleural neoplasia, or chylothorax refractory to surgical treatment, in dogs. Effusion management can be performed with multiple pleurocenteses or the application of chest drains. New modified vascular devices have been used for patients with chronic diseases; they offer the advantage of allowing home management and do not require hospitalization. Eight PleuralPort^TM devices were applied in seven dogs during thoracoscopic exploration and biopsy procedures; five were affected by mesothelioma; one by lung metastases from a mammary carcinoma; and one by chronic chylothorax. The median time of surgical procedure was 51 min; one developed pneumothorax post-operatively that resolved within 12 h after repeated drainage; one device was obstructed after 45 days and was successfully managed by flushing. All patients were discharged after 24 h. The median duration of port insertion in cancer patients was 5 months and those dogs were euthanized because of tumor progression; in the dog with chylothorax, the device was removed after 1 year when the effusion had resolved.