Trees are natural capital assets, especially for cities, as they provide immense environmental benefits and improve urban biodiversity and ecology. However, urbanization has largely destroyed the original native ecosystems and has caused a homogenization where frequently native species are replaced by non-native species. When attempting to understand the role of trees in urban settings, it is important to generate science-based data on the spatial distribution of trees, their species composition and tree species diversity as a function of the degree of urbanization. Such information may specifically inform the planning of effective long-term management of trees across urban and rural gradients. A total of 23 of 1 ha each were surveyed along a Northern research transect laid out along the urban–rural gradient of the metropolitan area of Bengaluru, India. Plots were randomly selected from the stratum “settlement areas”, where WorldView-3 imagery supported both stratification and plot selection. The plots were fully mapped for trees, where a total of eleven variables had been observed for each tree. In addition, the basal area and wood volume was calculated to understand the biomass potential of the trees in the plots. The diversity indices such as the Shannon index, Simpson index, Pielou’s evenness and Margalef’s richness were considered for comparing the species diversity, composition and distribution along the gradient of Bengaluru. A total of 1128 individuals of 93 tree species were recorded. Among 92 species identified along the northern gradient, 53 are exotic, and 39 are native species. The Shannon–Wiener index varied from 1.33 to 2.72; Simpson’s index varied from 0.65 to 0.90; Pielou’s index varied from 0.66 to 0.90, and Margalef’s index ranged from 1.41 to 5.20 along the gradient. The basal area increased from 96.39 m² to 102.76 m² from 2017 to 2019 along the transect, with a net gain of 6.37 m². Similarly, the wood volume increased from 1819.57 m³ to 1926.23 m³ with a net gain of 106.66 m³. The present study reports on tree distribution, species composition and tree species diversity along a gradient from the city center to the rural surroundings of northern parts of Bengaluru city. The information generated may support the city planners/administrators by providing a holistic understanding of the species composition and abundance for a further selection of adaptive species and appropriate tree and vegetation management practices to conserve the existing green spaces and contribute towards sustainable urban planning. The sample plots laid out may also serve as permanent observation plots for monitoring the dynamics of tree cover in the city.

The electrical resistance tomograph (ERT) is a customized tree specific novel technology that was developed to monitor and estimate the tree growth and development by looking into the inner structure of the standing tree to analyse the growth/heartwood and health/decay status. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a valuable tool in tropical forestry for assessing the heartwood-sapwood boundary and detecting wood decay. By measuring electrical resistivity at multiple points around a tree trunk, ERT creates detailed profiles of the tree's internal structure, identifying variations in moisture content, density, and decay. This non-invasive method provides accurate, real-time data that aid in sustainable forest management, conservation, and logging decisions. It allows for precise identification of heartwood, sapwood, and decayed areas without harming the tree, making it a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach for monitoring tree health. This paper is addressing the possibility of exploring the application of ERT on economically important tropical trees viz. sandalwood ( Santalum album L.), red sanders ( Pterocarpus santalinus L.f.), and agarwood ( Aquilaria agalocha Roxb.) to know the presence/absence of heartwood/decay in standing trees and, also, to know presence/absence of decay and extent of decay in standing trees using ERT.