The scarcity of freshwater resources in many regions of the world has contributed to the emergence of various technologies for treating and recovering wastewater for reuse in industry, agriculture, and households. Deep wastewater treatment from oils and petroleum products is one of the difficult tasks that must be solved. Among the known technologies, UF membranes have found wide industrial application with high efficiency in removing various pollutants from wastewater. It is shown that the search for and development of highly efficient, durable, and resistant to oil pollution UF membranes for the treatment of oily wastewater is an urgent research task. The key parameters to improve the performance of UF membranes are by enhancing wettability (hydrophilicity) and the antifouling behavior of membranes. In this review, we highlight the using of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes primarily to treat oily wastewater. Various methods of polymer alterations of the UF membrane were studied to improve hydrophilicity, the ability of antifouling the membrane, and oil rejection, including polymer blending, membrane surface modification, and the mixed membrane matrix. The influence of the type and composition of the hydrophilic additives of nanoparticles (e.g., Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), graphene oxide (GO), zinc oxide (ZnO), and titanium dioxide (TiO₂), etc.) was investigated. The review further provides an insight into the removal efficiency percent.

This work presents the development of polyvinyl chloride/functionalised multi-carbon nanotube (PVC/F-MWCNT) membranes and PVC/graphene oxide (PVC/GO) membranes for the improved removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from actual petroleum wastewater. Also, this work for the first time presents the proposed interaction mechanism between the contents of PVC/GO and PVC/F-MWCNT membranes as well as the interaction mechanism of each composite membrane with water molecules. The effect of both F-MWCNT and GO content on the characteristics and performance of the PVC/F-MWCNT membrane and PVC/GO membrane were studied. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle (CA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), porosity and tensile strength were used to examine the properties of F-MWCNT, GO, PVC/F-MWCNT and PVC/GO membranes. The composite membranes’ performance was studied by measuring the rejection of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and mass flux. It was found that F-MWCNTs and GO played significant roles in the membranes’ structural morphology. A significant improvement was obtained in the CA, porosity and tensile strength of the membranes by embedding the PVC casting solution with 0.12 wt% of each F-MWCNTand GO. The PVC/F-MWCNTs membrane showed higher performance in term of mass flux and COD rejection that reached 88.9%, which makes using a PVC/F-MWCNTs membrane preferable to remove COD from petroleum wastewater.

This paper examines the IR sensitization of Pb_0.975Sn_0.025Se films by heat treatment in air. The films were annealed in the temperature range from 403 to 723 K. Heat treatment was accompanied by the recrystallization of agglomerates in the films. The photosensitivity of the films was shown to depend on heat treatment temperature. The films sensitized in the temperature range 653–700 K offer the highest photosensitivity (80–140 μV). The observed increase in the dark resistance and voltage sensitivity of the films is probably due to the formation of oxide phases on the surface of their microcrystallites.

Thin PbSe films prepared by the method of hydrochemical synthesis exhibit no photosensitivity. The films are heat processed in air to make them sensitive to IR (infrared) radiation. The effect of the

Most often, reagent methods are used to treat wastewater from Cr (VI) compounds. This treatment technology allows reducing the concentration of Cr (VI) in wastewater only. Comparing the composition of wastewater after reagent treatment of chromium compounds using Ca(OH)₂ with established standards, it can be concluded that it is necessary to purify a number of pollutants. In this study, wastewater afterpurification of chromium compounds production by the ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis was considered. Modelling processes using WAVE 1.72 software confirmed that the proposed post-treatment scheme was highly efficient and that wastewater could be discharged into a water body without harming it.