This study examines the conceptualisation of family in key social legislative documents guiding social workers in two European countries, whose welfare systems have previously been labelled as re-familialised (Lithuania) or de-familialised (Sweden). The focus is on the concept of family as delineated on three legislative levels: the constitutional level, the general family policy level, and the child welfare policy level. ‘Family’ is explicit in Lithuanian law, and the regulation of family formation and responsibility is imperative, while this is much less so in Swedish law. The analysis reveals how general welfare systems (regime-types) are linked to legislative frameworks, which, in turn, provide fundamentally different conditions for social work in different contexts.

This paper presents the theoretical aspects of the concept of empowerment and presents the empirical results, implying the expression of empowerment at different levels in the context of social services in Lithuania. Empowerment is discussed in several aspects – power relations, empowerment levels, sources of empowerment, empowerment as a professional social work, the strengths perspective, and empowerment criticism. Empirical research was conducted to uncover how social experiences are evaluated from the point of view by different social actors: users and service providers. The empowerment issue relates to the interpretation of power. Power is considered to be the defining element and main construct of the society. Understanding the phenomena of power and empowerment respectively can only be possible by detecting their reflections in macro, mezzo and micro levels. According Foucault, it is important to understand not only how the power occurs, but how the resistance to it is possible. The challenge of resistance to power, according to Foucault, lies in the individual level. So, an individual has ability to not only obey and demonstrate self-disciplined, but also a man is able to liberate his own self. Resistance is possible in the context of everyday life, after understanding and identifying the hindering powers of social environment, and stopping the reproduction of power relations imposed by authorities and institutions. Power dwells in human relations and subjectivity. Power as such is referred to certain individuals’ and organizations’ ability to reach their targeted, intended or unintended consequences towards other persons or organizations (Lord, Hutchison, 1993). According to Foucault’s perspective, the social worker obtains a “pastoral power” when he begins to perform the roles of care and control, which are designated to him by the laws and the system itself. Seemingly, social work practice is closely linked to the political welfare provisions. The analysis of empowerment is provided in different empowering levels: individual, group, local community, organizational and political. Political empowerment level – development of critical consciousness. Freire (1970) describes a critical awareness as a process through which people gain a better understanding of the social and cultural conditions surrounding their lives. Therefore, knowing that man lives not only in the present but has also his own history, one can not only interpret events, but one can also interpret the interpretations. Service users’ experience and knowledge is a source of their own empowerment. The policy of increasing the participation in the system of provision of social services and the system of social welfare, presume a greater activity and involvement of beneficiaries by increasing the users’ feedback, the development and management of individual social services planning, and others. Cochran (1986) believes that people are better than anyone else aware of their own needs, so they can have the power to define and plan social services concerned and act with service providers towards satisfaction of their needs. Beresford and Croft (2001) argues that experiences and knowledge social service users increasingly becomes as a part of social work practices and activities of organizations. Sadan (2004) clearly identifies empowerment as professional work, bearing in mind that the concept of empowerment has been born in the context of professional discourse of social problems. Empowerment as a professional work must be based on values and strive to open a perspective for problem solving built upon opportunities of overcoming the barriers. Empowering social work is possible if the social workers feel enabled. Nevertheless, it is important to understand that good intentions can easily turn into oppressive practices as empowering relationship already is a power relationship, while maintaining tension between obedience and resistance. Sometimes the same experience by some people can be understood as empowerment, while others can perceive it as powerlessness. In fact, that what enables one person, another can receive as an act of weakening one’s powers. Therefore, it is important to understand user’s empowerment in the context of social interactions using a person-in-environment approach. Empirical results of the study are partially presented. The study, during which the respondents for all over Lithuania were interviewed (567 respondents), including 303 service providers and 264 recipients. The study was designed to reveal how different actors participating in social services organization and delivery (users and providers) evaluate the provision of services in micro, mezzo and macro levels. The findings suggest that social service recipients and providers are critical of the current state of social services and express the expectation of receiving a type of mixed social services.Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos galios ir įgalinimo sampratos bei jų raiška socialinių paslaugų ir socialinio darbo profesiniame kontekste. Įgalinimas aptariamas keliais aspektais – kaip galių santykiai, įgalinimo lygmenys, įgalinimo šaltiniai, įgalinimas kaip profesionalus darbas, stipriųjų pusių perspektyva. Taip pat pateikiama įgalinimo kritika bei pabrėžiama, kad tai, kas vieną žmogų įgalina, kitą gali nugalinti. Pristatomas empirinis tyrimas, kuriuo siekta išsiaiškinti, kaip įgalinimo perspektyvos požiūriu patiriamas ir teikiamas socialines patirtis vertina paslaugų gavėjai ir paslaugų teikėjai. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidžia, kaip paslaugų gavėjai ir teikėjai vertina dalyvavimą ir lūkesčius dalyvauti formuojant paslaugų strategiją, pa(si)renkant paslaugas bei...

Child welfare services around the world deal with families and family complexities. The study from Chile, Lithuania and Norway explores how social workers define family and more specific the position of extended families within child welfare and thus indicate contextual differences and similarities. In the data collection, five focus groups were included: one Lithuanian (eight participants), two Chilean (with two and two participants) and two Norwegian groups (with seven and eight participants). The analysis reveals significant and thematic differences and similarities between the countries related to the fluid and varied concept of family. The results also show variations across contexts in which families that are targeted by the services, the involvement of children and nuclear and extended family members. A dilemma between children’s need to keep family bonds and the states responsibility to protect children, can be exemplified with the position of the extended family. We can identity a difference between Norway, with comprehensive state involvement that can be framed as they are dealing with a public family, and both Chile and Lithuania, which put more of an emphasis on problem-solving within families, and thus look at the family as more of a private sphere.

This article investigates the family and child welfare system in Lithuania in terms of social sustainability, with an emphasis on children’s rights. The conceptual framework of Gilbert et al. (2011a) on child welfare was used as the substance of the research, identifying the problem frame, aim and mode of intervention, and parent–state relationship as the main dimensions for analyzing configurations of the child welfare systems. The analysis in this article focuses on how the family and child welfare system is observed in everyday professional practice in Lithuania by linking it with the social sustainability concept. The quantitative research sample comprised 501 respondents from Lithuania, representing different professionals of the family and child welfare system. An online questionnaire was distributed across regional municipal social services departments and to the national service of the State Child Rights Protection and Adoption Service. Explorative factor analysis and multidimensional scaling were used for data analysis. The research demonstrated that family and child welfare dimensions are meaningfully related to the social sustainability concept through the rights of a child such as the child’s best interests, accessibility to services, the right to be heard, protection against violence, child identity, development assurance, and so forth. The research indicates the need for awareness raising, including education and training for professional actors regarding child and family welfare, as an integral part of the concept of social sustainability.