Inflammation is a fundamental defensive response to harmful stimuli, but the overactivation of inflammatory responses is associated with most human diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a class of chemicals that are generated after the incomplete reduction of molecular oxygen. At moderate levels, ROS function as critical signaling molecules in the modulation of various physiological functions, including inflammatory responses. However, at excessive levels, ROS exert toxic effects and directly oxidize biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, further exacerbating the development of inflammatory responses and causing various inflammatory diseases. Therefore, designing and manufacturing biomaterials that scavenge ROS has emerged an important approach for restoring ROS homeostasis, limiting inflammatory responses and protecting the host against damage. This review systematically outlines the dynamic balance of ROS production and clearance under physiological conditions. We focus on the mechanisms by which ROS regulate cell signaling proteins and how these cell signaling proteins further affect inflammation. Furthermore, we discuss the use of potential and currently available-biomaterials that scavenge ROS, including agents that were engineered to reduce ROS levels by blocking ROS generation, directly chemically reacting with ROS, or catalytically accelerating ROS clearance, in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Finally, we evaluate the challenges and prospects for the controlled production and material design of ROS scavenging biomaterials.

In Alzheimer's disease, AuNPs may reduce neuroinflammation by induction of macrophage polarization, reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, restraint of leukocyte adhesion, and reduction of oxidative stress.

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), as an autologous blood preparation, has been receiving increasing attention in recent years and has been successfully applied in various clinical treatments for alveolar bone regeneration in the oral field. This review focuses on analyzing and summarizing the role and mechanism of PRF in alveolar bone regeneration. We first provide a brief introduction to PRF, then summarize the mechanisms by which PRF promotes alveolar bone regeneration from three aspects: osteogenesis mechanism, bone induction mechanism, and bone conduction mechanism, involving multiple signaling pathways such as Smad, ERK1/2, PI3K/Akt, and Wnt/β-catenin. We also explore the various roles of PRF as a scaffold, filler, and in combination with bone graft materials, detailing how PRF promotes alveolar bone regeneration and provides a wealth of experimental evidence. Finally, we summarize the current applications of PRF in various oral fields. The role of PRF in alveolar bone regeneration is becoming increasingly important, and its role and mechanism are receiving more and more research and understanding. This article will provide a reference of significant value for research in related fields. The exploration of the role and mechanism of PRF in alveolar bone regeneration may lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets and the development of more effective and efficient treatment strategies.

The aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) is an all-aqueous system fabricated from two immiscible aqueous phases. It is spontaneously assembled through physical liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and can create suitable templates like the multicompartment of the intracellular environment. Delicate structures containing multiple compartments make it possible to endow materials with advanced functions. Due to the properties of ATPSs, ATPS-based drug delivery systems exhibit excellent biocompatibility, extraordinary loading efficiency, and intelligently controlled content release, which are particularly advantageous for delivering drugs in vivo. Therefore, we will systematically review and evaluate ATPSs as an ideal drug delivery system. Based on the basic mechanisms and influencing factors in forming ATPSs, the transformation of ATPSs into valuable biomaterials is described. Afterward, we concentrate on the most recent cutting-edge research on ATPS-based delivery systems. Finally, the potential for further collaborations between ATPS-based drug-carrying biomaterials and disease diagnosis and treatment is also explored.

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has emerged as a highly promising orthopedic implantation material due to its elastic modulus which is comparable to that of natural bone. This polymer exhibits impressive properties for bone implantation such as corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, self-lubrication and chemical stability. Significantly, compared to metal-based implants, PEEK implants have mechanical properties that are closer to natural bone, which can mitigate the "stress shielding" effect in bone implantation. Nevertheless, PEEK is incapable of inducing osteogenesis due to its bio-inert molecular structure, thereby hindering the osseointegration process. To optimize the clinical application of PEEK, researchers have been working on promoting its bioactivity and endowing this polymer with beneficial properties, such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and angiogenesis-promoting capabilities. Considering the significant growth of research on PEEK implants over the past 5 years, this review aims to present a timely update on PEEK's modification methods. By highlighting the latest advancements in PEEK modification, we hope to provide guidance and inspiration for researchers in developing the next generation bone implants and optimizing their clinical applications.