Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with six types of cancer in men and women. A vaccine against HPV, preferably administered before initial sexual intercourse, has been proven to be highly effective in preventing these cancers. An effective healthcare provider recommendation has significant influence on HPV vaccine uptake; therefore, it is critical that medical students receive comprehensive training in this area. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge of medical students regarding Human Papillomavirus’s (HPV) ways of transmission, risk of cancer development, and vaccination against HPV. This study also investigated factors among medical students that would affect their intention to recommend HPV vaccination to others. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted among 1061 (678 women and 383 men) medical students who filled in our questionnaire. The medical students were divided into two subgroups: (1) pre-clinical medical students (MS pre-clinical; first-to third-year students; n = 683) and (2) clinical medical students (MS clinical; fourth-to six-year students; n = 378). Results: A total259 (24.41%) of the 1061 medical students were vaccinated against HPV. We found a significant improvement in the general level of knowledge in the later years of education (4–6) compared to the early years of education (1–3). However, it was demonstrated that, despite medical education advancements, there are still significant gaps of knowledge about the relationship between HPV infection and cancers other than cervical cancer, as well as in relation to the routes by which HPV is transmitted. Medical students’ intentions to recommend HPV vaccine to others were related to their own HPV-related knowledge and their own vaccination status. Conclusion: Medical students have gaps of knowledge regarding particular issues and aspects of HPV. It is necessary to further educate medical students in the field of prevention and in the treatment of lesions caused by HPV infection. Medical students’ intention to recommend the HPV vaccine can be improved by including them and members of their families in the HPV vaccination program.

Background: Medical emergencies in urology include testicular torsion requiring immediate surgical intervention. In case of a delayed report at the emergency department (ED), there is a risk of irreversible necrosis of the testicle. This study aimed to confirm proven correlations and analyze existing testicular torsion cases to reduce the time to diagnosis and accelerate surgical intervention in future patients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 32 cases of testicular torsion in men aged 19 to 54 years between Dec. 1, 2019, and Dec. 3, 2024, presenting at the ED and subsequently treated surgically in the urology department. The data included the patient’s age, time of arrival at the hospital and performance of surgery, medical history, physical examination, ultrasound findings, type and side of surgery, and histopathological examination after the orchidectomy. Results: The median age of the patients was 26 years (19-54). Nineteen (59.4%) patients underwent orchidectomy, and thirteen (40.6%) patients underwent orchidopexy. Age did not affect the type of surgery performed (p=0.197). Statistically, torsion involved the right testicle more often (p=0.008). Age was found to be moderately positively correlated with time to report to TRIAGE (p=0.016). The three most common physical examination findings were no blood flow on color Doppler (96.9%), scrotal pain (87.5%), and testicular swelling (43.8%). The latest successful orchidopexy was performed after 6 hours and 45 minutes. Only 50.0% of patients underwent surgical treatment within eight hours. The median time to report at the ED was 13 hours and 10 minutes. The median time to perform surgery from arrival to TRIAGE was 3 hours and 5 minutes. Orchidopexy patients reported significantly earlier to TRIAGE (p=0.017). Men undergoing orchidopexy had significantly faster surgery upon arrival to TRIAGE (p=0.026). Conclusions: The average ED arrival time disallows saving the torsed testicle in half of the patients. Therefore, it is crucial to educate patients and medical staff about the alarming signs of suspected testicular torsion, especially in elderly men.

We report a rare case of extranodal NHL presenting with bilateral adrenal involvement and multiple additional sites of disease. A 71-year-old female, presenting with weakness and unexplained weight loss, was found to have large nodular masses in both adrenal glands. During the subsequent diagnostic workup, the patient’s condition rapidly deteriorated. [ ¹⁸ F]FDG PET/CT confirmed a generalized neoplastic process of unknown primary origin. Biopsy revealed an aggressive B-cell lymphoma with an aberrant immunophenotype, combining features characteristic of both DLBCL, NOS, ABC-type and the pleomorphic variant of MCL. Unfortunately, the patient succumbed to the disease just a few days after the initial diagnosis was established. This case highlights the potential for aggressive lymphomas to present with non-specific, oligosymptomatic initial features and presents how rapidly clinical deterioration can occur.