Viral and bacterial infections represent an occupational risk for female sex workers. This study aimed at determining HPV coinfection with genital pathogens among female sex workers in West and Central Africa and identifying antibiotic resistance genes. A total of 182 samples from female sex workers were analyzed by real-time PCR and classic PCR. For the molecular diagnosis of HPV, the real-time multiplex amplification kit “HPV Genotypes 14 Real-TM Quant” from SACACE Biotechnologies^®, detecting 14 high-risk HPV genotypes, was used, while for other pathogens, the real-time multiplex amplification kit N. gonorrhoeae/C. trachomatis/M. genitalium/T. vaginalis Real-TM, allowing their simultaneous detection, was used. The women were aged 17–50 years with an average age of 27.12 ± 6.09 years. The pathogens identified were HPV 54.94% (100/120), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (13.74%), Chlamydia trachomatis (11.54%) and Mycoplasma genitalium (11.54%). The most common HPV genotypes were HPV68, HPV38 and HPV52. The antibiotic resistance genes identified were bla _{QNR B} 24.00%, bla _GES 22.00%, bla _SHV 17.00%, bla_CTX-M 13.00% and bla _{QNR S} 1.00%. This study revealed the presence of various HPV genotypes associated with other pathogens with problems of antibiotic resistance among sex workers of West and Central African origin working in Ouagadougou.

Background: Bacterial resistance to beta lactamins is a real public health problem as it complicates treatment strategies. Several types of beta lactamase confer this resistance. Numerous studies report a high prevalence of ESBL producers among Gram-negative bacilli. The objective of this work was to identify the presence of the resistance gene GES in strains of E. coli and K. pneumoniae in Burkina Faso. Methods: During this study 39 strains of E. coli and K. pneumoniae resistant to oxyimino-cephalosporin and monobactam were collected in several samples and analyzed to determine the presence of the beta lactamase resistance gene Bla_GES by classic PCR. Results: In the present study, resistant strains were observed in 21 E. coli and 18 K. pneumoniae. Among producers of ESBL isolates, the presence of the GES gene was detected up to 63% in E. coli and 37% in K pneumoniae. Conclusion: This study highlighted the presence of the GES gene in strains of E. coli and K. pneumoniae resistant to oxyimino-cephalosporin and monobactam in Burkina Faso. This highlights the presence of new ESBL in Burkina, which is of great interest for the proper care of patients and the control of resistance to antibiotics.

Resistance to a wide variety of common antibiotics is observed among clinical strains designated as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers. These produce enzymatic proteins that effectively inactivate cephalosporins and aztreonam and are a serious global health problem that complicates treatment strategies. Many studies report a high prevalence of ESBL producers among Gram-negative bacilli. The purpose of this work was to identify resistance genes in enterobacterial strains. Gram-negative bacilli resistant to at least one third-generation cephalosporin, aztreonam or showing a synergy image between amoxicillin + clavulanic acid and a third generation cephalosporin were isolated during an antibiogram. Antibiotic resistance was detected for the following antibiotics: Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime and Aztreonam. Classical polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyzes of Pseudomonas extended resistance (PER) and Guiana extended-spectrum (GES) β-lactamase genes were performed using specific primers in 60 ESBL-producing isolates. Among 250 strains of Gram negative bacilli collected, 60 strains (24%) showed resistance to antibiotics used. Stool samples are a major source of ESBL producers. The highest prevalence of resistant strains (35%) was observed in Escherichia coli. The GES and PER genes were simultaneously detected at a proportion of 13.33%. This study represents the first detection of PER and GES genes in multidrug-resistant enterobacteria in Burkina Faso. Key words: Broad-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), Pseudomonas extended resistance (PER) gene, Guiana extended-spectrum (GES) gene, polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

INTRODUCTION: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella oxytoca are among the most frequently isolated pathogens implicated in human disease in Burkina Faso. In addition, the emergence of carbapenem-resistant E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and K. oxytoca due to the production of IMP and VIM enzymes and the spread of these bacteria is a real concern for health facilities. However, the coexistence of the resistance genes encoding these enzymes in clinical bacterial isolates from Burkina Faso has not been previously reported. OBJECTIVE: To prove the coexistence of VIM and IMP in E. coli, P. aeruginosa and K. oxytoca clinical isolates from two medical centers in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, by means of conventional PCR. METHODS: Antibiotic susceptibility testing of 158 gram-negative bacilli isolates was performed against carbapenems and aztreonam using the disk diffusion method. The resistant isolates were screened using conventional polymerase chain reaction for the bla _VIM and bla _IMP genes. RESULTS: E. coli (45.1%, 41 isolates) was the most common among the resistant species, with a higher level of resistance to ertapenem (20.9%, 19 isolates) from all the carbapenems. P. aeruginosa (9.9%, 9 isolates) and K. oxytoca (1.1%, one isolate) were less common resistant species. The genes bla _VIM and bla _IMP were detected simultaneously in only 5.5% (5 isolates) of the resistant bacterial strains, including three strains of E. coli, one strain of P. aeruginosa, and one strain of K. oxytoca. CONCLUSION: This study established the coexistence of bla _VIM and bla _IMP genes in E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and K. oxytoca strains isolated from patients at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tengandogo and the Hôpital Saint Camille de Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso. These bacterial isolates were resistant to carbapenems due to the production of VIM and IMP enzymes.