Aim To compare the perceptions of nurses with infection control expertise and ward nurses as to what infection control activities are missed and the reasons why these activities are omitted. Background Infection prevention activities are viewed as important for reducing health care‐acquired infections (HAIs) but are often poorly performed. Methods Data were collected through the Missed Nursing Care Infection Prevention and Control (MNCIPC) Survey delivered to 500 Australian nurses prior to COVID‐19. Results Significant differences were found on the mean scores between infection control and other nurses on ten items. In eight cases, five relating to hand hygiene, infection control specialists viewed the activity as more likely to be missed. Factors viewed as having greater contribution to omission of infection control prevention were as follows: 'Patients have to share bathrooms', 'Urgent patient situation' and 'Unexpected rise in patient volume and/or acuity on the ward/unit'. Infection control nurses were more likely to highlight the role of organisational and management factors in preventing effective infection control. Conclusions Differences in response between nurses suggest that the extent of omission of infection control precautions may be under‐estimated by ward nurses. Implications for Nursing Management Infection control specialists are more likely to identify organisational barriers to effective infection control than other nurses. Work demands arising from pandemic management may contribute to infection control precautions being missed.

News diversity is increasingly gaining momentum and relevance in academic research, but quantifying and qualifying the term remains problematic. This paper presents the results of a structured meta-synthesis literature review, in which all relevant publications dealing explicitly with news diversity, media diversity or content diversity of the 21st century found on Scopus (n = 61) are coded and analysed. Findings reveal that studies dealing with these concepts are on the rise in absolute numbers, but also that their theoretical foundations predominantly still lie in the 1990s. From the viewpoint that said foundations have become inadequate to study and understand news diversity in the digital era, we propose an integrated conceptual framework, model and definition to operationalise news diversity, which takes into consideration recent changes in journalism as media concentration dynamics and changing patterns in news production and consumption. It does so by developing a typology of five categories of diversity (ownership, brand, production, content, consumption) and presenting three levels from which news diversity can be studied (the macro level of the media market, the meso level of the media company and the micro level of the media brand). Ultimately, the paper proposes the adoption of mixed methods research to reveal more about the characteristics, contexts and constraints within any media market.

Instagram and TikTok constitute the fastest rising social media apps for news consumption. However, very little remains known on how young people encounter and experience news content on these platforms. Drawing on 25 in-depth interviews with young adult Belgians, including operationalising the walkthrough method, this qualitative research article fills this existing gap in scholarship. I contextualise but also nuance how younger users are accustomed to relying on third-party social media apps as the primary location to encounter news rather than news outlets’ own offline and online platforms. The study results also shine light on intriguing perception differences in young adults’ varying news expectations of Instagram and TikTok, based on which ramifications and recommendations are discussed. Conceptually, I propose adopting the terms encountering and experiencing news rather than being exposed to or trusting it, in order to highlight the acknowledged (radical) audience turn in journalism studies and practice.

This article critically assesses the effects of media mergers on news diversity at Mediahuis, one of the leading players in the media market of the Belgian region of Flanders. The founding of Mediahuis (in 2013) has led to an extremely concentrated Flemish newspaper market, as it owns and publishes four of the seven daily newspapers. We conducted ethnographic research inside the newsroom of Het Nieuwsblad, Mediahuis’ biggest newspaper, and assess the editorial independence, the changes journalists face on a daily basis due to ongoing digitalization, changing roles and values both within and beyond journalism, and the effect of the merger on the media management of what is now Mediahuis. We also performed an in-depth news diversity study in which we analysed over 3000 newspaper articles appearing in 2013 and 2018 in the four papers. Using this mixed method approach of combining ethnographic research and content analyses, the global results of this study reveal that while the editorial independence has been fairly well maintained, there has been a drastic increase in the number of articles being recycled across newspapers. Overall, over half of all articles produced for four of the seven Flemish newspapers are recycled in at least two of the four Mediahuis newspapers on a daily basis, with an increase from 36 to 51 per cent between 2013 and 2018. This practice has been facilitated by lowering the total number of working journalists, and sharing a content management system which facilitates copy-pasting articles across newspapers and websites.

In this paper, we report on an 18-month ethnographic field study inside the newsroom of a popular newspaper in Belgium, chronicling the endeavours of editors and journalists as they shift from a classic division between print and online beats to an integrated digital first-based newsroom. Throughout the paper, we stress the messiness and contingencies of changing the fixed structures of working journalists who are forced to undergo radical changes in their daily work, and how top-down communication affects their disposition towards, acceptance of and commitment or resistance towards the shift. We establish three types of newsroom tension (vertical, horizontal and diagonal), as well as five recurring steps faced by all hierarchical levels of the newsroom in its innovation attempts (contemplation, preparation, frustration, negotiation and adaptation). We conclude that flawed communication impacts dispositions towards innovation at various stages of the integration process and fuels tensions between various hierarchical levels. With journalistic practice in a constant state of flux, in-depth ethnography-based studies remain vital to analyse newsroom innovation and change.

News recommenders are attracting widespread interest in scholarly work. The current research paradigm, however, holds a narrow (mostly user-centered) perspective on the recommendation task. This makes it difficult to understand that their design is in fact the result of a negotiation process among multiple actors involved, such as editors, business executives, technologists and users. To remedy this, a multi-stakeholder recommendation paradigm has been suggested among recommender systems scholars. This work sets out to explore to what extent this paradigm is applicable to the particular context of news recommenders. We conducted 11 interviews with professionals from three leading media companies in Flanders (Belgium) and find that the development of news recommenders is indeed characterized by a negotiation process among multiple stakeholders. However, our results show that the initial multi-stakeholder framework is not adequately accommodating some of our findings, such as the existence of preconditions, the role of product owners, and the indirect involvement of particular stakeholders. Based on our analysis, we suggest an elaborated framework for multi-stakeholder news recommenders that can contribute to scholarship by providing a multi-sided perspective towards the understanding of news recommenders.