Plant systematics can be classified and recognized based on their reproductive system (flowers) and leaf morphology. Neural networks is one of the most popular machine learning algorithms for plant leaf classification. The commonly used neutral networks are artificial neural network (ANN), probabilistic neural network (PNN), convolutional neural network (CNN), k-nearest neighbor (KNN) and support vector machine (SVM), even some studies used combined techniques for accuracy improvement. The utilization of several varying preprocessing techniques, and characteristic parameters in feature extraction appeared to improve the performance of plant leaf classification. The findings of previous studies are critically compared in terms of their accuracy based on the applied neural network techniques. This paper aims to review and analyze the implementation and performance of various methodologies on plant classification. Each technique has its advantages and limitations in leaf pattern recognition. The quality of leaf images plays an important role, and therefore, a reliable source of leaf database must be used to establish the machine learning algorithm prior to leaf recognition and validation.

Dendrophtoe pentandra, popularly known as mistletoe, is a semi-parasitic plant that can grow on many host plants and is native to Southeast Asia, especially Malaysia. D. pentandra is regarded as an unfavourable plant for an economically significant horticultural plant; however, D. pentandra is also regarded as a medicinal plant and is used in traditional and alternative medicine to treat coughs, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer. Scientific research has also found that this plant has significant potential for medical properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, antiproliferative, antidiabetic and antihyperglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-aging properties. Numerous phytochemical compounds from D. pentandra extracts have been identified using extraction techniques such as maceration and reflux. Thus, this review aims to provide thorough information on phytomorphology, extraction techniques, phytochemicals, biological activities, and the future prospects of D. pentandra.