In cancer patients, pulmonary embolism (PE) is the second leading cause of death after the cancer itself, most likely because of difficulties in diagnosing the disease due to its nonclassical presentation. The risk of PE recurrence and possibly the case-fatality rate depends on whether the patient presents a symptomatic PE, an unsuspected PE, a subsegmental PE, or a catheter-related PE. Choosing the best therapeutic option is challenging and should consider the risk of both the recurrence of thrombosis and the occurrence of bleeding. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the clinical characteristics and the treatment of cancer-associated PE, which could benefit clinicians to better manage the deadliest form of thrombosis associated with cancer. After a brief presentation of the epidemiological data, we will present the current attitude towards the diagnosis and the management of cancer patients with PE. Finally, we will discuss the perspectives of how the medical community can improve the management of this severe medical condition.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repeated episodes of intermittent hypoxia (IH) and is recognized as an independent risk factor for vascular diseases that are mediated by a multitude of mechanistic pathophysiological cascades including procoagulant factors. The pro-coagulant state contributes to the development of blood clots and to the increase in the permeability of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Such alteration of BBB may alter brain function and increase the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. We aim to provide a narrative review of the relationship between the hypercoagulable state, observed in OSA and characterized by increased coagulation factor activity, as well as platelet activation, and the underlying neural dysfunction, as related to disruption of the BBB. We aim to provide a critical overview of the existing evidence about the effect of OSA on the coagulation balance (characterized by increased coagulation factor activity and platelet activation) as on the BBB. Then, we will present the emerging data on the effect of BBB disruption on the risk of underlying neural dysfunction. Finally, we will discuss the potential of OSA therapy on the coagulation balance and the improvement of BBB.

Background: interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) represent the major causes of mortality in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Patients with SSc and combined PH and ILD (SSc–PH-ILD) generally have a poor prognosis. Predictors of survival are lacking in patients with SSc-PH-ILD. Objective: To identify specific plasma protein expression patterns associated with survival in patients with SSc-PH-ILD. Materials and methods: Post-hoc analysis of a prospective multicenter French study in patients with PH-ILD. An untargeted proteomic analysis using mass spectrometry was performed to identify plasma protein changes associated with long-term overall survival in patients with SSc-PH-ILD. Results: Thirty-two patients were included, of whom 13 died during follow-up (median survival: 2327 days). At baseline, survivors had less severe hemodynamic impairment (pulmonary vascular resistance of 4.4 Wood Units [IQR 3 - 5.2] vs. 6.2 Wood Units [IQR 4.2 - 10.7]) and higher carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (median 39% [IQR 35% - 44%] vs. 25% [IQR 22% - 30.5%]), than the 13 patients who died. Seven proteins, associated with haemostasis and fibrosis, were differentially expressed according to patients’ survival. In the survivor group, two proteins were increased (ADAMTS13, SERPIND1) and five were decreased (PTGDS, OLFM1, C7, IGFBP7, FBN1) compared to the non-survivor groups. Conclusion: The prognosis of SSc-PH-ILD patients is poor. We found 7 plasma proteins (involved in haemostasis and fibrosis pathways) associated with survival. These potential biomarkers may be good candidates to prognostic enrichment.

Background: Thoracoscopy, either “medical” or “surgical”, is the gold standard to reveal the cause of pleural effusion by taking large biopsies. However, in some cases, the histology of pleural biopsies is inconclusive describing a variable process of inflammation, encompassing for non-specific pleuritis (NSP). Questions are raised whether the surgical (or VATS) is doing better than the medical thoracoscopy (MT), but no direct comparison between the two techniques exist in the current bibliography. The Aim: of our retrospective study was to compare these two techniques to find whether there is any difference in the false negative cases of NSP. Methods: We included in our study 295 patients with NSP, 179 patients who underwent VATS comparing to 116 patients who underwent MT for pleural effusion of initially undetermined cause, having a follow-up of at least one year. Analysis of patients’ files, history, clinical examinations, further tests, and follow-up were recorded. Results: The mean age of our patients was 58.5±19.1 and M/F gender was 216/79; no difference was observed between the two groups. A previous history of cancer was noted in 36 patients (12.2%). The mean follow-up period was 47.3±20.7 months. 3 patients were diagnosed with mesothelioma during the follow-up: with VATS, only one patient (0.55%) (false negative), while with MT 2 patients (1.7%). Negative predictive value for pleura-related malignancy for VATS was 0.994 and for MT 0.982. Conclusion: In patients with histological diagnosis of NSP both VATS and MT showed similar and excellent results of false negative cases and negative predictive value in excluding malignant pleural disease.