To compare the effect and the treatment outcomes of bevacizumab and ranibizumab in the treatment of Type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). This was a bicentered retrospective case series performed at institutional referral centers. Seventy-two eyes of 37 patients who had intravitreal injections of either bevacizumab or ranibizumab as the primary treatment for Type 1 ROP were included. Outcomes' measures included regression and recurrence of ROP, the surgical complications, and refractive errors at a corrected age of 1 year. All but one eye in the bevacizumab group had retinal neovascularization and plus disease regression after anti-vascular endothelium growth factor treatment. Neither recurrence of ROP nor major ocular complications, including cataract, retinal detachment, and endophthalmitis occurred in any of the treated eyes. There were no significant differences in mean refractive errors between the patients treated with intravitreal injections of bevacizumab or ranibizumab at the corrected age of 1 year. A significantly higher chance of high myopia was noted in the bevacizumab group (P = 0.03). Both bevacizumab and ranibizumab showed similar efficacy in the regression of ROP with minor mean refractive errors at 1 year of corrected age. However, high myopia was more prevalent in the bevacizumab-treated eyes.

To describe the spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings of a patient who developed pigmentary retinopathy following high-dose deferoxamine administration.

Non-infectious uveitis (NIU) is a potentially sight-threatening disease. Effector CD4⁺ T cells, especially interferon-γ-(IFNγ) producing Th1 cells and interleukin-17-(IL-17) producing Th17 cells, are the major immunopathogenic cells, as demonstrated by adoptive transfer of disease in a model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). CD4⁺FoxP3⁺CD25⁺ regulatory T cells (Tregs) were known to suppress function of effector CD4⁺ T cells and contribute to resolution of disease. It has been recently reported that some CD4⁺ T-cell subsets demonstrate shared phenotypes with another CD4⁺ T-cell subset, offering the potential for dual function. For example, Th17/Th1 (co-expressing IFNγ and IL-17) cells and Th17/Treg (co-expressing IL-17 and FoxP3) cells have been identified in NIU and EAU. In this review, we have investigated the evidence as to whether these ‘plastic CD4⁺ T cells’ are functionally active in uveitis. We conclude that Th17/Th1 cells are generated locally, are resistant to the immunosuppressive effects of steroids, and contribute to early development of EAU. Th17/Treg cells produce IL-17, not IL-10, and act similar to Th17 cells. These cells were considered pathogenic in uveitis. Future studies are needed to better clarify their function, and in the future, these cell subsets may in need to be taken into consideration for designing treatment strategies for disease.

To investigate the 2-year outcomes of the natural history of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in Taiwan. A prospective study was conducted at two tertiary medical centers. Premature infants were screened and examined for ROP. The postmenstrual ages of developing each stage of ROP and the associated risk factors were recorded. A total of 698 infants were included. The incidences of ROP and treatment-requiring ROP in all patients with ROP were 29.7% and 37.2%. When only including patients with birth weight of 1,250 g or less, the incidences were 62.2% and 39.1%, respectively. In patients with ROP with birth weight over 1,250 g, 25% of them developed treatment-requiring ROP. The median postmenstrual ages for the development of Stage 1, Stage 2, and Type 1 ROP were 33.0, 34.0, and 34.7 weeks, respectively. Gestational age at birth and birth weight were the most important factors associated with treatment-requiring ROP (hazard ratios of 0.3 and 0.6). Our hospital-based study reveals an earlier postmenstrual age of developing ROP in this Asian population than in the Early Treatment for ROP study. Infants with birth weight over 1,250 g could still develop treatment-requiring ROP. Suboptimal oxygen control, different genetic dispositions among different races, inconsistencies in ROP diagnosis, and earlier screening might account for such a phenomenon.

Background: Kabuki syndrome is a multi-system disorder with peculiar facial features, and ophthalmic abnormalities are frequently involved. This case report of a child with Kabuki syndrome describes two new previously unreported ophthalmic conditions. Case presentation: A 3-year-old Taiwanese boy with Kabuki syndrome had a short stature, spinal dysraphism, intellectual disability and typical facial features. Ophthalmic findings which have been previously reported in the literature and in this patient, included ptosis, esotropia, coloboma of the iris, retina, choroid and optic disc, and microcornea. The newly identified ophthalmic features in this patient included colobomatous microphthalmos and a dysplastic and elevated disc without central cupping. The genetic analysis identified an MLL2 gene mutation. Conclusion: The presentations of a dysplastic disc and colobomatous microphthalmia are rarely reported in patients with Kabuki syndrome, but these ophthalmic abnormalities may affect vision. Detailed ophthalmic evaluations in children with Kabuki syndrome are advised.