Wound healing is a complex physiological process involving multiple stages, including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling, which imposes high demands on the functionality and adaptability of wound repair materials. Hydrogels, as a class of novel materials, have become ideal wound dressings due to their excellent biocompatibility, breathability, and conformability. Sodium alginate-based composite hydrogels offer advantages such as readily available raw materials and mild preparation conditions. They can also endow materials with properties including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, and pro-angiogenic effects, meeting the application requirements for multifunctional and highly efficient wound dressings. As a result, they have attracted considerable attention in the field of wound repair. This article introduces the preparation methods of physically and chemically crosslinked sodium alginate-based composite hydrogels, as well as the drug release mechanisms from these hydrogels. It elaborates on their applications in wound dressings, discusses key challenges including difficulties in large-scale preparation, high barriers to clinical translation, insufficient long-term in vivo stability, and low integration of intelligent functions, and outlines future research directions in terms of large-scale fabrication, regulatory compliance, long-term safety, and intelligent design. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for the development of novel sodium alginate-based composite hydrogels for wound dressings and to promote their clinical translation and practical application in this field.

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) offers deep tissue penetration and noninvasive tumor treatment, yet its efficacy remains limited by inadequate reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In this work, we developed a porphyrin-based bimetallic nanoplatform by integrating Fe and Mn centers within a structurally ordered metal-organic framework (MOF), followed by surface modification with the tumor-homing peptide CRGDK to achieve active targeting. The rationally engineered Mn-Fe(TCPP) MOF exhibits a spatially confined configuration that minimizes π-π aggregation of porphyrins enhancing ROS production under ultrasound (US). Meanwhile, Fe³⁺ and Mn²⁺ are released in the mildly acidic TME. The Fe³⁺ catalyzes Fenton-like reactions to generate abundant •OH radicals, leading to glutathione (GSH) depletion, glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPX4) inhibition, and triggers ferroptosis. Simultaneously, Mn²⁺ and ROS inflict mitochondrial damage and cause cytosolic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) leakage, thereby activating the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and amplifying type I interferon (IFN-I) responses. This dual immunometabolic modulation induces immunogenic cell death (ICD), promotes dendritic cells (DCs) maturation, and strengthens adaptive antitumor immunity. Overall, this study presents a concise strategy coupling ferroptosis induction with innate-immune activation through a porphyrinic bimetallic MOF, offering a promising direction for SDT-based immunotherapy against hard-to-treat tumors.