Тенденция к развитию и генерализации инфекции у пациентов с тяжелой термической травмой реализуется за счет комплексного влияния термической травмы на иммунную систему. Особенно страдает фагоцитарная система, представленная, в первую очередь, нейтрофильными гранулоцитами. Цель исследования: определение динамики изменения функциональной активности нейтрофилов у пациентов с термической травмой, а также ее прогностической значимости при развитии гнойно-септических осложнений ожоговой болезни. Материалы и методы. Функциональную активность нейтрофилов оценивали на основе спонтанного и индуцированного хемилюминесцентного ответа цельной крови при последовательной стимуляции форбол-12-миристат-13-ацетатом (ФМА) и N-формил-метионил-лейцил-фенилаланином (фМЛФ). Было обследовано 34 пациента с ожоговой болезнью при разной тяжести течения ожоговой болезни и в динамике наблюдения. Результаты. Разработанная новая методика была использована для исследования цельной крови пациентов с ожоговой болезнью, получены данные о функциональной активности нейтрофилов при разной тяжести течения болезни и в динамике. В результате анализа хемилюминесцентных кривых развития респираторного взрыва нейтрофилов выявлены показатели, характеризующие состояние иммунной системы, а именно: одно— или двухфазный ответ на стимул, удельная активность нейтрофила «быстрой фазы», удельная активность нейтрофила «медленной фазы». Заключение. Результаты позволили выделить тенденции изменения функциональной активности нейтрофилов при ожоговой болезни. Предложены диагностические и прогностические показатели функциональной активности нейтрофилов для оценки тяжести болезни и прогноза септического процесса.

Vaccination against COVID-19 has occurred in Russia for more than two years. According to the Russian official clinical guidelines to maintain tense immunity in the conditions of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to use booster immunization six months after primary vaccination or a previous COVID-19 contraction. It is especially important to ensure the maintenance of protective immunity in the elderly, who are at risk of severe courses of COVID-19. Meanwhile, the immunological effectiveness of the booster doses has not been sufficiently substantiated. To investigate the immunogenicity of Sputnik V within the recommended revaccination regimen and evaluate the effectiveness of booster doses, we conducted this study on 3983 samples obtained from individuals previously vaccinated with Sputnik V in Moscow. We analyzed the level of antibodies in BAU/mL three times: (i) six months after primary immunization immediately before the booster (RV), (ii) 3 weeks after the introduction of the first component of the booster (RV1), and (iii) 3 weeks after the introduction of the second component of the booster (RV2). Six months after the primary vaccination with Sputnik V, 95.5% of patients maintained a positive level of IgG antibodies to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2. The degree of increase in the specific virus-neutralizing antibodies level after revaccination increased with a decrease in their initial level just before the booster dose application. In the group of people with the level of antibodies up to 100 BAU/mL six months after the vaccination, a more than eightfold increase (p < 0.001, Wilcoxon criterion with Bonferroni adjustment) in the level of specific antibodies was observed (Me = 8.84 (IQR: 3.63–30.61)). A significant increase in the IgG level after receiving both the first and the second booster doses occurred at the initial titer level up to 300 BAU/ mL (p < 0.001) in those who did not contract COVID-19 in the past and up to 100 BAU/mL (p < 0.001) in those who were previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. A significant increase in the antibody level after the first dose of the booster was noted for people who had up to 500 BAU/mL (p < 0.05), regardless of the previous COVID-19 infection. Thus, revaccination is most effective in individuals with an antibody level below 500 BAU/mL, regardless of the vaccinee age and COVID-19 contraction. For the first time, it has been shown that a single booster dose of the Sputnik vaccine is sufficient to form a protective immunity in most vaccinees regardless of age and preexisting antibody level.

Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is an increasing concern in many countries. We investigated the detection rate of HEV viremia in blood donors in Russia. A total of 20,405 regular repetitive voluntary non-renumerated blood donors from two regions (Moscow and Belgorod) were screened for HEV RNA using the cobas^® HEV test in mini-pools of six plasma samples. Samples from each reactive pool were tested individually. The average HEV RNA prevalence was 0.024% (95% CI: 0.01–0.05%), or 1 case per 4081 donations. No statistically significant differences in HEV RNA prevalence were observed between the two study regions. The PCR threshold cycle (Ct) values ranged from 25.0 to 40.5 in reactive pools, and from 20.9 to 41.4 in reactive plasma samples when tested individually. The HEV viremic donors had different antibody patterns. Two donor samples were reactive for both anti-HEV IgM and IgG antibodies, one sample was reactive for anti-HEV IgM and negative for anti-HEV IgG, and two samples were seronegative. At follow-up testing 6 months later, on average, four donors available for follow-up had become negative for HEV RNA and positive for anti-HEV IgG. The HEV ORF2 sequence belonging to HEV-3 sub-genotype 3a was obtained from one donor sample. The sequencing failed in the other four samples from viremic donors, presumably due to the low viral load. In conclusion, the HEV RNA detection rate in blood donors in Russia corresponds with data from other European countries, including those that implemented universal donor HEV screening. These data support the implementation of HEV RNA donor screening to reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted HEV infection in Russia.

The development of cerebral vasoconstriction in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) induced by the rupture of an aneurism of brain vessels impairs cerebral circulation. Treatment with normobaric hyperoxia...