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Darryl J. Cochrane
School of Sport, Exercise & Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand

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Journal article
Published: 24 July 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study utilized resonant frequency vibration to the upper body to determine changes in pain, stiffness and isometric strength of the biceps brachii after eccentric damage. Thirty-one participants without recent resistance training were randomized into three groups: a Control (C) group and two eccentric exercise groups (No vibration (NV) and Vibration (V)). After muscle damage, participants in the V group received upper body vibration (UBV) therapy for 5 min on days 1–4. All participants completed a visual analog scale (VAS), maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and shear wave elastography (SWE) of the bicep at baseline (pre-exercise), 24 h, 48 h, and 1-week post exercise. There was a significant difference between V and NV at 24 h for VAS (p = 0.0051), at 24 h and 1-week for MVIC (p = 0.0017 and p = 0.0016, respectively). There was a significant decrease in SWE for the V group from 24–48 h (p = 0.0003), while there was no significant change in the NV group (p = 0.9341). The use of UBV resonant vibration decreased MVIC decrement and reduced VAS pain ratings at 24 h post eccentric damage. SWE was strongly negatively correlated with MVIC and may function as a predictor of intrinsic muscle state in the time course of recovery of the biceps brachii.

ACS Style

Garrett Jones; Jonathan Blotter; Cameron Smallwood; Dennis Eggett; Darryl Cochrane; J. Feland. Effect of Resonant Frequency Vibration on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness and Resulting Stiffness as Measured by Shear-Wave Elastography. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7853 .

AMA Style

Garrett Jones, Jonathan Blotter, Cameron Smallwood, Dennis Eggett, Darryl Cochrane, J. Feland. Effect of Resonant Frequency Vibration on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness and Resulting Stiffness as Measured by Shear-Wave Elastography. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (15):7853.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Garrett Jones; Jonathan Blotter; Cameron Smallwood; Dennis Eggett; Darryl Cochrane; J. Feland. 2021. "Effect of Resonant Frequency Vibration on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness and Resulting Stiffness as Measured by Shear-Wave Elastography." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15: 7853.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2021 in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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Barnes, MJ, Petterson, A, and Cochrane, DJ. Peak power output and onset of muscle activation during high pull exercise. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 675–679, 2021—The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) at which peak power output occurred during the high pull (HP) exercise. In addition, the onset time of the biceps femoris (BF) and gluteus maximus (GM), across a range of loads, was investigated. Twelve resistance-trained men performed 1RM testing for the HP followed by lifts at 10% increments from 30 to 80% 1RM. During each load of power, output was measured using a linear potentiometer, whereas surface electromyography was recorded from the BF and GM. Peak power output occurred at 70% (1881.9 ± 296.1 W); however, there was no significant difference between loads at 60–80% (all p > 0.05). Loads between 40 and 80% 1RM produced significantly higher power outputs than 30% while 80% generated greater power than 100% 1RM (all p < 0.05). There was no significant (p > 0.05) main effect of muscle or load in the onset of BF (156.5–212.1 ms) or GM (112.1–158.1 ms). Therefore, these results suggest that training at a load between 60 and 80% 1RM may be useful in increasing power in the HP. In addition, activation of 2 of the hip extensors occurs in a relatively synchronous order irrespective of load.

ACS Style

Matthew J. Barnes; Ashley Petterson; Darryl J. Cochrane. Peak Power Output and Onset of Muscle Activation During High Pull Exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2021, 35, 675 -679.

AMA Style

Matthew J. Barnes, Ashley Petterson, Darryl J. Cochrane. Peak Power Output and Onset of Muscle Activation During High Pull Exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2021; 35 (3):675-679.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthew J. Barnes; Ashley Petterson; Darryl J. Cochrane. 2021. "Peak Power Output and Onset of Muscle Activation During High Pull Exercise." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 35, no. 3: 675-679.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2021 in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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Cochrane, DJ and Monaghan, D. Using sprint velocity decrement to enhance acute sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 442–448, 2021—Acute sled towing has the capability to elicit a potentiation. Currently, sled loading is determined from body mass (BM) percent. However, it may be more relevant to use a percentage of maximal sprint reduction to determine an individual's load. The purpose of this study was to determine if individualizing sled loads at 35 and 55% reduction in velocity would improve 20-m sprint performance. In addition, electromyography (EMG) was assessed to determine if any sprint-related improvements in velocity were due to changes in neural excitation. Twelve senior club male rugby union players performed familiarization and 2 sled towing sessions using a randomized, cross-over, and counterbalanced design. Testing sessions involved: baseline unresisted 20-m sprints, resisted sprint (35 and 55% reduction in velocity), and unresisted 20-m sprints at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 16 minutes. The sled load to reduce maximal velocity by 35% significantly improved 20-m velocity (p <0.05, effect size [ES] = 0.21) compared with the heavier sled load (55% reduction in maximum velocity). A significant decline in sprint velocity occurred at 12 minutes (p < 0.01, ES = −0.61) and 16 minutes (p < 0.01, ES = −0.45) compared with baseline velocity. Other time intervals reported trivial small nonsignificant changes in sprint velocity (p >0.05). There was no significant change in EMG. Reducing sprint velocity provides an alternate method to determining sprint loading. Nonetheless, a greater range of reduced sprint velocity is required to assess if it is more effective than using BM percent procedure.

ACS Style

Darryl J. Cochrane; Daniel Monaghan. Using Sprint Velocity Decrement to Enhance Acute Sprint Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2021, 35, 442 -448.

AMA Style

Darryl J. Cochrane, Daniel Monaghan. Using Sprint Velocity Decrement to Enhance Acute Sprint Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2021; 35 (2):442-448.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Darryl J. Cochrane; Daniel Monaghan. 2021. "Using Sprint Velocity Decrement to Enhance Acute Sprint Performance." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 35, no. 2: 442-448.

Journal article
Published: 04 November 2020 in Animals
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The aim of this study was to conduct a cross-sectional survey of racing greyhound trainers in New Zealand in order to provide an overview of their training practices. A survey regarding training practices was posted to all registered greyhound training license holders in New Zealand in August 2019. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 48 trainers (35.6%; n = 48/137) who completed the survey. Other than the differences in the number of greyhounds in race training, the training programmes described by public trainers and owner trainers were similar. Trainers reported that the primary reason for registering young dogs for racing and for qualifying for racing was the ability to meet time milestones. Young dogs had a median of six (interquartile range (IQR): 4–10) trials before they commenced their racing career. Trainers described training practices that aimed to prepare greyhounds for race-day. Regardless of whether the dogs raced once or twice a week, most training programmes demonstrated high specificity where training involved two periods of load cycles through high-intensity workload. Trainers racing their greyhounds once a week simulated the workload of trainers racing their greyhounds twice a week by introducing one high-intensity (speed) workout during the week. Training programmes were structured to condition the dogs to the physiological and metabolic requirements of sprint racing. This study highlights the importance of the need for an improved understanding of training and competition load in order to enable future research in the field of racing greyhounds.

ACS Style

Anna L. Palmer; Chris W. Rogers; Kevin J. Stafford; Arnon Gal; Darryl J. Cochrane; Charlotte F. Bolwell. Cross-Sectional Survey of the Training Practices of Racing Greyhounds in New Zealand. Animals 2020, 10, 2032 .

AMA Style

Anna L. Palmer, Chris W. Rogers, Kevin J. Stafford, Arnon Gal, Darryl J. Cochrane, Charlotte F. Bolwell. Cross-Sectional Survey of the Training Practices of Racing Greyhounds in New Zealand. Animals. 2020; 10 (11):2032.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna L. Palmer; Chris W. Rogers; Kevin J. Stafford; Arnon Gal; Darryl J. Cochrane; Charlotte F. Bolwell. 2020. "Cross-Sectional Survey of the Training Practices of Racing Greyhounds in New Zealand." Animals 10, no. 11: 2032.

Journal article
Published: 14 September 2020 in Sustainability
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The objectives of this study were to quantify the external workload of thoroughbred racing jockeys in relation to their experience and racing performance. The number of rides of 786 jockeys and apprentices who rode in 407,948 flat and 13,648 jumps racing starts over 14 seasons were examined. Jockey work (ride numbers, seasons riding) and performance characteristics (race falls or wins) between cohorts with low (1–10), middle (10–200) and high (>200) numbers of rides per season were compared. Flat racing apprentices had more rides per season (25, interquartile range [IQR] 7–97 vs. 14, IQR 3–222, p < 0.001) but fewer rides per race day (2, IQR 1–4 vs. 4, IQR 2–6, p < 0.001) than flat racing jockeys. Flat racing jockeys in the high workload cohort (23%) were responsible for 83% of the race-day rides, riding in a median of 375 (IQR 283–520) races per season. These jockeys had half the fall rate (Incidence rate [IR] 1.0, 95% CI 0.9–1.1) and 1.4 times the success rates per 1000 rides (IR 98, 95% CI 97–99) than jockeys in the low and middle workload cohorts (p < 0.05). Most jockeys had light workloads, greater risk of injury and lower winning rates than the smaller cohort of jockeys with heavier workloads. This disparity in opportunity and success between cohorts indicates inefficiencies within the industry in recruitment and retention of jockeys. These data provide a foundation to further studies investigating jockey competition-specific fitness and its effect on both riding success and reducing injury risk.

ACS Style

Kylie Legg; Darryl Cochrane; Erica Gee; Chris Rogers. The External Workload of Thoroughbred Horse Racing Jockeys. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7572 .

AMA Style

Kylie Legg, Darryl Cochrane, Erica Gee, Chris Rogers. The External Workload of Thoroughbred Horse Racing Jockeys. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (18):7572.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kylie Legg; Darryl Cochrane; Erica Gee; Chris Rogers. 2020. "The External Workload of Thoroughbred Horse Racing Jockeys." Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7572.

Journal article
Published: 10 September 2020 in Sustainability
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Professional thoroughbred racing jockeys repeatedly work close to physiological capacity during races, whilst maintaining low body weights, on a daily basis with no off-season. The effects of this on their career length is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the career lengths and reasons for loss from the industry of 674 jockeys and apprentices who rode over 14 racing seasons and 421,596 race day starts in New Zealand. Descriptors were compared between jockeys in short (1–2 years), middle (3–9 years) and long (>10 years) career cohorts with descriptive statistics and Kaplan–Meier survival curves. The median career length for jockeys was 2 years (IQR 1–6). Long career cohort jockeys (11%) had lower carried weights (IQR 56–57 kg, p = 0.03), 40 times the median number of rides per season (248, IQR 61–434, p < 0.001), half the rate per 1000 rides of falling (1.1, 95% CI 1.0–1.2, p = 0.009) and 1.3 times the rate of winning (100, 95% CI 99–101, p < 0.01) than jockeys in the short career cohort. Jockeys who rode over 200 races per season had careers three times longer than jockeys with fewer races per season (p < 0.001). Half of the 40% of jockeys who failed to complete their apprenticeship were lost from the industry in their first year of race riding. In conclusion, most jockeys had short careers where the workload of a jockey and their ability to obtain rides had greater impact on career longevity than their performance.

ACS Style

Kylie Legg; Darryl Cochrane; Erica Gee; Chris Rogers. Jockey Career Length and Risk Factors for Loss from Thoroughbred Race Riding. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7443 .

AMA Style

Kylie Legg, Darryl Cochrane, Erica Gee, Chris Rogers. Jockey Career Length and Risk Factors for Loss from Thoroughbred Race Riding. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (18):7443.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kylie Legg; Darryl Cochrane; Erica Gee; Chris Rogers. 2020. "Jockey Career Length and Risk Factors for Loss from Thoroughbred Race Riding." Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7443.

Journal article
Published: 23 June 2020 in Applied Sciences
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Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) can cause functional disability. Neuromuscular function is relevant in the development and progression of KOA. It can be evaluated by the analysis of the surface electromyography (sEMG), which has an important role in the understanding of KOA. Whole-body vibration (WBV) is an intervention suggested to treat KOA. The objective of this work was to verify the effectiveness of WBV on the functionality of lower limbs by the electromyographic profile of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscles during the five-repetition chair stand test (5CST) in patients with KOA. This was a two-period crossover trial study (8-week washout). Nineteen patients with KOA were allocated to the group submitted to WBV (WBVG), with peak-to-peak displacement of 2.5 to 7.5 mm, frequency from 5 to 14 Hz, and acceleration peak from 0.12 to 2.95 g, or to the control group (0 Hz) (2 days per week for 5 weeks). The 5CST and the sEMG of the VL during 5CST were evaluated before and after the interventions. Results: Significant differences in 5CST were evident only in WBVG (p = 0.018), showing a decrease of the execution time. The sEMG profile showed no significative difference. Therefore, only 10 sessions of WBV with comfortable posture can bring about improvement in functionality of KOA patients without alteration of the muscle excitation.

ACS Style

Eloá Moreira-Marconi; Ygor Teixeira-Silva; Alexandre Gonçalves De Meirelles; Marcia Cristina Moura-Fernandes; Patrícia Lopes-Souza; Aline Reis-Silva; Renata Marques Marchon; Eliane De Oliveira Guedes-Aguiar; Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos; Danúbia Da Cunha De Sá-Caputo; Maria Eduarda De Souza Melo-Oliveira; Bruno Bessa Monteiro De Oliveira; Marco Antônio De Souza Gama; Roges Alvim-Oliveira; Daniel Batouli-Santos; Ana Cristina Rodrigues Lacerda; Vanessa Amaral Mendonça; Vinicius Layter Xavier; Liszt Palmeira De Oliveira; Alan De Paula Mozella; Borja Sañudo; Adérito Seixas; Redha Taiar; Darryl Cochrane; Mario Bernardo-Filho. Effect of Whole-Body Vibration on the Functional Responses of the Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis by the Electromyographic Profile of the Vastus Lateralis Muscles during the Five-Repetition Chair Stand Test: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 4302 .

AMA Style

Eloá Moreira-Marconi, Ygor Teixeira-Silva, Alexandre Gonçalves De Meirelles, Marcia Cristina Moura-Fernandes, Patrícia Lopes-Souza, Aline Reis-Silva, Renata Marques Marchon, Eliane De Oliveira Guedes-Aguiar, Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos, Danúbia Da Cunha De Sá-Caputo, Maria Eduarda De Souza Melo-Oliveira, Bruno Bessa Monteiro De Oliveira, Marco Antônio De Souza Gama, Roges Alvim-Oliveira, Daniel Batouli-Santos, Ana Cristina Rodrigues Lacerda, Vanessa Amaral Mendonça, Vinicius Layter Xavier, Liszt Palmeira De Oliveira, Alan De Paula Mozella, Borja Sañudo, Adérito Seixas, Redha Taiar, Darryl Cochrane, Mario Bernardo-Filho. Effect of Whole-Body Vibration on the Functional Responses of the Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis by the Electromyographic Profile of the Vastus Lateralis Muscles during the Five-Repetition Chair Stand Test: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (12):4302.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eloá Moreira-Marconi; Ygor Teixeira-Silva; Alexandre Gonçalves De Meirelles; Marcia Cristina Moura-Fernandes; Patrícia Lopes-Souza; Aline Reis-Silva; Renata Marques Marchon; Eliane De Oliveira Guedes-Aguiar; Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos; Danúbia Da Cunha De Sá-Caputo; Maria Eduarda De Souza Melo-Oliveira; Bruno Bessa Monteiro De Oliveira; Marco Antônio De Souza Gama; Roges Alvim-Oliveira; Daniel Batouli-Santos; Ana Cristina Rodrigues Lacerda; Vanessa Amaral Mendonça; Vinicius Layter Xavier; Liszt Palmeira De Oliveira; Alan De Paula Mozella; Borja Sañudo; Adérito Seixas; Redha Taiar; Darryl Cochrane; Mario Bernardo-Filho. 2020. "Effect of Whole-Body Vibration on the Functional Responses of the Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis by the Electromyographic Profile of the Vastus Lateralis Muscles during the Five-Repetition Chair Stand Test: A Randomized Crossover Trial." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12: 4302.

Chapter
Published: 24 May 2020 in Manual of Vibration Exercise and Vibration Therapy
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Exercise is normally associated with an increased demand for transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide and substrate, thus requiring increases in cardiac output and heart rate. Equally important as the central cardiovascular response is the direction of blood flow towards the working musculature, and the microcirculation herein. Ample evidence indicates that the central cardiovascular demands by whole-body vibration exercise are very moderate, although cardiac output has not yet been measured during whole-body vibration (WBV). This implies that WBV is unlikely to improve aerobic fitness, but that aerobically unfit patients are likely able to perform WBV. With regard to local blood supply and microcirculation in the working musculature, vibration exercise seems to increase blood flow in a dose-specific manner, and it may also induce a short-lasting improvement of tissue oxygenation. However, that effect persists for only approximately 1 minute. Possibly, this effect is of direct mechanical nature. The present knowledge therefore suggests that vibration exercise could have specific merit in patients with disrupted microcirculation, e.g., in diabetic patients, in particular when they have low aerobic fitness.

ACS Style

Darryl Cochrane; Jörn Rittweger. Circulation Effects. Manual of Vibration Exercise and Vibration Therapy 2020, 155 -167.

AMA Style

Darryl Cochrane, Jörn Rittweger. Circulation Effects. Manual of Vibration Exercise and Vibration Therapy. 2020; ():155-167.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Darryl Cochrane; Jörn Rittweger. 2020. "Circulation Effects." Manual of Vibration Exercise and Vibration Therapy , no. : 155-167.

Chapter
Published: 24 May 2020 in Manual of Vibration Exercise and Vibration Therapy
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There are numerous training methods and equipment that can assist an athlete’s performance. Vibration exercise has gained popularity amongst coaches and conditioning experts for athletic development. The use of vibration exercise is varied and includes a single session or repeated bouts of exposure over weeks. Vibration has been included for injury rehabilitation, strength, explosive power, sprinting and balance and for accelerating recovery. Evidence suggests that vibration can have positive influence on explosive power and flexibility, but effects on strength measures and sprinting are less convincing for single session and short-term exposure. Additionally, vibration as a recovery strategy has little influence. Vibration exercise can be used in conjunction with other training methods, but other traditional training may produce the same or greater results. Often vibration is performed in the general preparation phase of training (off-season) in the anticipation that it will transfer to actual performance. However, the athlete’s requirements need to be considered, along with their timing and periodization.

ACS Style

Darryl Cochrane. Application in Athletes. Manual of Vibration Exercise and Vibration Therapy 2020, 213 -228.

AMA Style

Darryl Cochrane. Application in Athletes. Manual of Vibration Exercise and Vibration Therapy. 2020; ():213-228.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Darryl Cochrane. 2020. "Application in Athletes." Manual of Vibration Exercise and Vibration Therapy , no. : 213-228.

Chapter
Published: 24 May 2020 in Manual of Vibration Exercise and Vibration Therapy
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The importance of warm-up for subsequent exercise performance has been well documented. Various warm-up strategies have been implemented to optimise performance, which is dependent on the exerciser, sport, physical exertion, duration and recovery time between warm-up and the activity. Vibration exercise provides another technique for warming-up. It can complement traditional warm-up or it can be used in isolation. Vibration warm-up is able to raise muscle temperature, which is a precursor for improving subsequent short-duration performance, although resistance-training exercises may not be so reliant on increasing muscle temperature. Vibration warm-up has no additional ergogenic effect to increase short-term performance compared to other warm-up strategies when muscle temperature is equivalently elevated. Due to its time-efficient manner, vibration warm-up incurs a low metabolic cost. Accordingly, it can be used as a warm-up prior to physical activity and as a re-warm-up strategy during interval breaks to enhance subsequent performance. Vibration warm-up can enhance lower-limb muscular power and flexibility, and for specific sport warm-ups, it can be additive or standalone to ensure the appropriate changes.

ACS Style

Darryl Cochrane. Warming-Up. Manual of Vibration Exercise and Vibration Therapy 2020, 187 -202.

AMA Style

Darryl Cochrane. Warming-Up. Manual of Vibration Exercise and Vibration Therapy. 2020; ():187-202.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Darryl Cochrane. 2020. "Warming-Up." Manual of Vibration Exercise and Vibration Therapy , no. : 187-202.

Review
Published: 22 May 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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COVID-19 is a highly infectious respiratory disease which leads to several clinical conditions related to the dysfunction of the respiratory system along with other physical and psychological complaints. Severely affected patients are referred to intensive care units (ICUs), limiting their possibilities for physical exercise. Whole body vibration (WBV) exercise is a non-invasive, physical therapy, that has been suggested as part of the procedures involved with pulmonary rehabilitation, even in ICU settings. Therefore, in the current review, the World Association of Vibration Exercise Experts (WAVEX) reviewed the potential of WBV exercise as a useful and safe intervention for the management of infected individuals with COVID-19 by mitigating the inactivity-related declines in physical condition and reducing the time in ICU. Recommendations regarding the reduction of fatigue and the risk of dyspnea, the improvement of the inflammatory and redox status favoring cellular homeostasis and the overall improvement in the quality of life are provided. Finally, practical applications for the use of this paradigm leading to a better prognosis in bed bound and ICU-bound subjects is proposed.

ACS Style

Borja Sañudo; Adérito Seixas; Rainer Gloeckl; Jörn Rittweger; Rainer Rawer; Redha Taiar; Eddy A. Van Der Zee; Marieke J.G. Van Heuvelen; Ana Cristina Lacerda; Alessandro Sartorio; Michael Bemben; Darryl Cochrane; Trentham Furness; Danúbia De Sá-Caputo; Mario Bernardo-Filho. Potential Application of Whole Body Vibration Exercise for Improving the Clinical Conditions of COVID-19 Infected Individuals: A Narrative Review from the World Association of Vibration Exercise Experts (WAVex) Panel. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3650 .

AMA Style

Borja Sañudo, Adérito Seixas, Rainer Gloeckl, Jörn Rittweger, Rainer Rawer, Redha Taiar, Eddy A. Van Der Zee, Marieke J.G. Van Heuvelen, Ana Cristina Lacerda, Alessandro Sartorio, Michael Bemben, Darryl Cochrane, Trentham Furness, Danúbia De Sá-Caputo, Mario Bernardo-Filho. Potential Application of Whole Body Vibration Exercise for Improving the Clinical Conditions of COVID-19 Infected Individuals: A Narrative Review from the World Association of Vibration Exercise Experts (WAVex) Panel. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (10):3650.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Borja Sañudo; Adérito Seixas; Rainer Gloeckl; Jörn Rittweger; Rainer Rawer; Redha Taiar; Eddy A. Van Der Zee; Marieke J.G. Van Heuvelen; Ana Cristina Lacerda; Alessandro Sartorio; Michael Bemben; Darryl Cochrane; Trentham Furness; Danúbia De Sá-Caputo; Mario Bernardo-Filho. 2020. "Potential Application of Whole Body Vibration Exercise for Improving the Clinical Conditions of COVID-19 Infected Individuals: A Narrative Review from the World Association of Vibration Exercise Experts (WAVex) Panel." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10: 3650.

Original article
Published: 08 January 2020 in Translational Sports Medicine
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With fatigue being such a dominant feature, it is important to define the timeline and its impact following exertion in individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). This study aimed to investigate the physiological effects of repeated graded maximal exercise testing at 48 and 72 hours, along with analysing the reported time to recover from repeated graded exercise tests (PEM). ME/CFS (n = 16), age and gender matched controls (n=16) were randomly assigned to either a 48‐hour or 72‐hour protocol. Each participant completed a maximal incremental cycle exercise test on day one and again at either 48‐hours (48‐h) or 72‐hours (72‐h) later. Physiological responses were analysed at peak work rate (PWR). There were significant differences in both peak VO2 and workload (p<0.05) in the 48‐h ME/CFS group compared to the 48‐h controls in both test 1 and test 2. Significant differences in peak VO2 and workload were only demonstrated in test 2 in participants in the ME/CFS 72‐h group. There was a small but insignificant decrease in both peak VO2 and workload in the ME/CFS group at 48‐h. Interestingly those in the 72‐h ME/CFS protocol demonstrated an increase in workload (10 Watts), despite no change in VO2peak. Subjective data demonstrated the 48‐hour ME/CFS group reported significantly longer time to recover.

ACS Style

Lynette Hodges; Tessa Nielsen; Darryl Cochrane; Donald Baken. The physiological time line of post‐exertional malaise in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). Translational Sports Medicine 2020, 3, 243 -249.

AMA Style

Lynette Hodges, Tessa Nielsen, Darryl Cochrane, Donald Baken. The physiological time line of post‐exertional malaise in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). Translational Sports Medicine. 2020; 3 (3):243-249.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lynette Hodges; Tessa Nielsen; Darryl Cochrane; Donald Baken. 2020. "The physiological time line of post‐exertional malaise in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)." Translational Sports Medicine 3, no. 3: 243-249.

Case study
Published: 01 January 2019 in Journal of Physical Therapy Science
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[Purpose] The aim of this case study was to determine if VT could be included into a rehabilitation programme by monitoring the progress of muscle pain, range of motion and muscle strength. [Participant and Methods] An international male master hockey player sustained a medial gastrocnemius 5 cm tear prior to the World Cup. VT was applied early in the rehabilitation programme where 9 sessions of VT were performed during the first 16 days. Other conventional rehabilitative exercises were included. [Results] Twenty-eight days post-injury the athlete returned to full playing. Calf pain had subsided by day 8 with a change of 12° in ankle dorsi flexion range of motion. Grade 5 calf strength was attained by day 16, which was equivalent to the unaffected limb's strength. There were no residual side effects of including VT into the rehabilitation programme and it did not compromise the athlete's recovery. [Conclusion] To ensure optimal loading of VT, 9 sessions were implemented and progressively increased; consequently, there was no detrimental effect on the rehabilitative process. The athlete reported no side effects of using VT and its ease and time efficient application has a role to complementing soft tissue injury rehabilitation.

ACS Style

Darryl J. Cochrane. The inclusion of vibration therapy in rehabilitating a gastrocnemius tear: a case study in master athlete. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2019, 31, 738 -742.

AMA Style

Darryl J. Cochrane. The inclusion of vibration therapy in rehabilitating a gastrocnemius tear: a case study in master athlete. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2019; 31 (9):738-742.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Darryl J. Cochrane. 2019. "The inclusion of vibration therapy in rehabilitating a gastrocnemius tear: a case study in master athlete." Journal of Physical Therapy Science 31, no. 9: 738-742.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Journal of Physical Therapy Science
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[Purpose] The aim of this study was to determine the highest electromyography (EMG) amplitude of the gluteus maximus from closed and open kinetic gluteal maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs). [Participants and Methods] Ten healthy male rugby players performed three MVIC techniques that included, in random order: single leg squat, prone hip extension and standing gluteal squeeze. EMG signals were recorded from the inferior and superior regions of gluteus maximus of the dominant leg, and were normalized to the prone hip extension. [Results] For statistical analysis the EMG of both gluteus maximus regions were pooled together. The standing gluteal squeeze revealed a significantly lower EMG compared to single leg squat and prone hip extension. However, there was no significant difference in gluteal EMG activity between single leg squat and prone hip extension. [Conclusion] There is no distinct advantage for either single leg squat or prone hip extension in eliciting maximum EMG activity. Future research should compare the present positions with other MVICs that are commonly prescribed or have been demonstrated to produce high EMG amplitudes.

ACS Style

Darryl J. Cochrane; Etienne Gabriel; Michael C. Harnett. Evaluating gluteus maximus maximal voluntary isometric contractions for EMG normalization in male rugby players. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2019, 31, 371 -375.

AMA Style

Darryl J. Cochrane, Etienne Gabriel, Michael C. Harnett. Evaluating gluteus maximus maximal voluntary isometric contractions for EMG normalization in male rugby players. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2019; 31 (4):371-375.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Darryl J. Cochrane; Etienne Gabriel; Michael C. Harnett. 2019. "Evaluating gluteus maximus maximal voluntary isometric contractions for EMG normalization in male rugby players." Journal of Physical Therapy Science 31, no. 4: 371-375.

Comparative study
Published: 10 July 2018 in Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
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To compare the effects of local-vibration and active warm-up on knee extensors muscle stiffness and neuromuscular performance. Experimental crossover study. Thirteen participants performed three 15-min warm-up protocols of control (CON), active (ACT) and local-vibration (LV) in separate testing session. Passive stiffness of vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis (VM) by shear wave elastography and neuromuscular performance were assessed before and 2-min after each condition. A decrease in muscle stiffness was reported after ACT for VL (−16.0 ± 6.6%; p < 0.001) and VM (−10.2 ± 8.7%; p = 0.03) while no changes were reported after CON (p = 0.46 and p = 0.34 for VL and VM, respectively) and LV (p = 0.07 and p = 0.46 for VL and VM, respectively). Maximal jump performances increased during squat (+8.5 ± 6.6%; p < 0.001) and countermovement jump (+5.2 ± 5.8%; p < 0.001) after ACT while no changes were reported after CON and LV during squat (p = 0.16 and p = 0.81, respectively) and countermovement jump (p = 0.18 and p = 0.31, respectively). We further report that each condition was ineffective to inducing changes in maximal voluntary isometric contraction force (p = 0.18), rate of force development (p = 0.92), twitch parameters (p > 0.05) as well as central modulations as reported by the unchanged voluntary activation level (p = 0.24) and maximal electromyography (EMG) recorded from the VL (p = 0.44). The active warm-up acutely reduced muscle stiffness and increased muscle performance during maximal dynamic tasks. With regard to LV, further studies are required to determine optimal parameters (frequency, amplitude, duration) to significantly increase muscle performance.

ACS Style

Robin Souron; Alessandro Zambelli; Loïc Espeit; Thibault Besson; Darryl J. Cochrane; Thomas Lapole. Active versus local vibration warm-up effects on knee extensors stiffness and neuromuscular performance of healthy young males. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2018, 22, 206 -211.

AMA Style

Robin Souron, Alessandro Zambelli, Loïc Espeit, Thibault Besson, Darryl J. Cochrane, Thomas Lapole. Active versus local vibration warm-up effects on knee extensors stiffness and neuromuscular performance of healthy young males. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2018; 22 (2):206-211.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robin Souron; Alessandro Zambelli; Loïc Espeit; Thibault Besson; Darryl J. Cochrane; Thomas Lapole. 2018. "Active versus local vibration warm-up effects on knee extensors stiffness and neuromuscular performance of healthy young males." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 22, no. 2: 206-211.

Short communication
Published: 30 June 2018 in Research in Sports Medicine
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It has been purported that the mechanism for muscular improvement after a gluteal warm-up protocol is likely to occur from neural activation. However, little is known about whether changes in muscular performance are due to changes in muscle activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether a lower-limb warm-up that targets the gluteal muscle group would improve countermovement jump and short-distance sprinting through increased muscle activity. Ten semi-professional rugby union players (age 25.4 ± 2.9 yr; height 1.83 ± 6.7 m; body mass 96.8 ± 10.6 kg) with at least three years of resistance training experience volunteered for the study. In a cross-over design, participants performed countermovement jumps and 5 m sprints before and after a gluteal warm-up and a 10 min rest (control). Electromyography was used to measure muscle activity of the gluteus maximus and biceps femoris. Countermovement jump height significantly improved (7.9%, p < 0.05) after the lower-limb warm-up protocol compared with the control (3.2%). There was a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in sprint times over 2.5 m and 5 m regardless of the condition. There was no significant change in the muscle activity in any of the conditions. The results indicate that a lower-limb warm-up can acutely enhance countermovement jump performance compared to a control.

ACS Style

Scott C. Pinfold; Michael C. Harnett; Darryl J. Cochrane. The acute effect of lower-limb warm-up on muscle performance. Research in Sports Medicine 2018, 26, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Scott C. Pinfold, Michael C. Harnett, Darryl J. Cochrane. The acute effect of lower-limb warm-up on muscle performance. Research in Sports Medicine. 2018; 26 (4):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Scott C. Pinfold; Michael C. Harnett; Darryl J. Cochrane. 2018. "The acute effect of lower-limb warm-up on muscle performance." Research in Sports Medicine 26, no. 4: 1-10.

Training and testing
Published: 01 March 2017 in Sports Medicine International Open
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During rugby scrummaging, front row forwards encounter high levels of force that has been suggested to cause transient fatigue and is likely to reduce subsequent performance. However, little is known about the effect of repetitive scrummaging on force output and onset of fatigue. Twelve male front row forwards (21.5±2.3 yr; height 185.7±4.4 cm; body mass 108.5±7.1 kg) each performed three sets of five maximal-effort isometric scrums for 10 s, with 40 s rest separating each repetition; 2 min recovery was provided between each set. Force output and electromyography (EMG) of the right medial gastrocnemius (MG), biceps femoris (BF), gluteus maximus (GM), erector spinae (ES), rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), and rectus femoris (RF) were assessed. There was no significant force decrement from performing 15 scrums and no fatigue was detected from EMG median frequency and mean amplitude. For training and practice purposes, coaches and trainers can be confident that 15 individual repetitive static scrums against a machine are unlikely to cause a reduction in force production and promote fatigue. However, the effect of rugby-related activities in conjunction with scrummaging requires further research to determine if transient fatigue is causal to scrummaging for subsequent performance.

ACS Style

Darryl J. Cochrane; Keegan Harnett; Nicolas Lopez-Villalobos; Jeremy Hapeta; J P Best; A S McIntosh; T N Savage; W J Bramley; D Cazzola; B Stone; T P Holsgrove; G Trewartha; E Preatoni; M Cifrek; V Medved; S Tonkovic; S Ostojic; E Criswell; R M Enoka; J Duchateau; C A Flavell; Mg L Sayers; S J Gordon; J B Lee; C W Fuller; F Laborde; R J Leather; M G Molloy; S C Gandevia; B Gerdle; B Larsson; S Karlsson; D J Harriss; G Atkinson; B Morel; D M Rouffet; D J Bishop; S J Rota; C A Hautier; K A Stokes; M E England; K L Quarrie; B D Wilson; W G Hopkins; M J Anthony; N D Gill; S P Roberts; R J Higgitt; J El-Abd; T Sharp; M Halaki; A Greene; B Vanwanseele; W-L Wu; J-J Chang; J-H Wu; L-Y Guo. The Effect of Repetitive Rugby Scrummaging on Force Output and Muscle Activity. Sports Medicine International Open 2017, 1, E89 -E93.

AMA Style

Darryl J. Cochrane, Keegan Harnett, Nicolas Lopez-Villalobos, Jeremy Hapeta, J P Best, A S McIntosh, T N Savage, W J Bramley, D Cazzola, B Stone, T P Holsgrove, G Trewartha, E Preatoni, M Cifrek, V Medved, S Tonkovic, S Ostojic, E Criswell, R M Enoka, J Duchateau, C A Flavell, Mg L Sayers, S J Gordon, J B Lee, C W Fuller, F Laborde, R J Leather, M G Molloy, S C Gandevia, B Gerdle, B Larsson, S Karlsson, D J Harriss, G Atkinson, B Morel, D M Rouffet, D J Bishop, S J Rota, C A Hautier, K A Stokes, M E England, K L Quarrie, B D Wilson, W G Hopkins, M J Anthony, N D Gill, S P Roberts, R J Higgitt, J El-Abd, T Sharp, M Halaki, A Greene, B Vanwanseele, W-L Wu, J-J Chang, J-H Wu, L-Y Guo. The Effect of Repetitive Rugby Scrummaging on Force Output and Muscle Activity. Sports Medicine International Open. 2017; 1 (3):E89-E93.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Darryl J. Cochrane; Keegan Harnett; Nicolas Lopez-Villalobos; Jeremy Hapeta; J P Best; A S McIntosh; T N Savage; W J Bramley; D Cazzola; B Stone; T P Holsgrove; G Trewartha; E Preatoni; M Cifrek; V Medved; S Tonkovic; S Ostojic; E Criswell; R M Enoka; J Duchateau; C A Flavell; Mg L Sayers; S J Gordon; J B Lee; C W Fuller; F Laborde; R J Leather; M G Molloy; S C Gandevia; B Gerdle; B Larsson; S Karlsson; D J Harriss; G Atkinson; B Morel; D M Rouffet; D J Bishop; S J Rota; C A Hautier; K A Stokes; M E England; K L Quarrie; B D Wilson; W G Hopkins; M J Anthony; N D Gill; S P Roberts; R J Higgitt; J El-Abd; T Sharp; M Halaki; A Greene; B Vanwanseele; W-L Wu; J-J Chang; J-H Wu; L-Y Guo. 2017. "The Effect of Repetitive Rugby Scrummaging on Force Output and Muscle Activity." Sports Medicine International Open 1, no. 3: E89-E93.

Clinical trial
Published: 06 February 2017 in Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
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To examine the acute and short-term effect of a wearable vibration device following strenuous eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Physically active males (n = 13) performed vibration therapy (VT) and control following eccentric exercise. The arms were randomised and counterbalanced, separated by 14 days. 15 min of VT (120 Hz) was applied immediately and 24, 48, and 72 h after eccentric exercise while the contralateral arm performed no VT (control). Muscle (isometric and concentric) strength, range of motion, electromyography (EMG), muscle soreness and creatine kinase were taken pre-exercise, immediately and 24, 48, and 72 h post-eccentric exercise. Additionally, the acute effect of VT of muscle strength, range of motion, EMG, muscle soreness was also investigated immediately after VT. In the short-term VT was able to significantly reduce the level of biceps brachii pain at 24 h (p < 0.05) and 72 h (p < 0.01), enhance pain threshold at 48 h (p < 0.01) and 72 h (p < 0.01), improve range of motion at 24 h (p < 0.05), 48 h (p < 0.01) and 72 h (p < 0.01) and significantly (p < 0.05) reduced creatine kinase at 72 h compared to control. Acutely, following VT treatment muscle pain and range of motion significantly improved (p < 0.05) at 24 h post, 48 h post, and 72 h post but no significant changes in muscle strength and EMG were reported acutely or short-term. Acute and short-term VT attenuated muscle soreness, creatine kinase and improved range of motion; however, there was no improvement of muscle strength recovery compared to control following eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors.

ACS Style

Darryl J. Cochrane. Effectiveness of using wearable vibration therapy to alleviate muscle soreness. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2017, 117, 501 -509.

AMA Style

Darryl J. Cochrane. Effectiveness of using wearable vibration therapy to alleviate muscle soreness. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2017; 117 (3):501-509.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Darryl J. Cochrane. 2017. "Effectiveness of using wearable vibration therapy to alleviate muscle soreness." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 117, no. 3: 501-509.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 01 February 2017 in Research in Sports Medicine
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A reduction in gluteus maximus (GM) strength may contribute to the etiology of musculoskeletal impairments and lower-extremity injuries. Currently, there is a paucity of evidence regarding the efficacy of implementing a short-term gluteal activation programme to improving muscle performance. Twenty four semi-professional rugby males were assigned randomly to a gluteal activation group (GLUTE) or a control group (CON). During the 6-week training intervention, the GLUTE and CON groups performed the same training, however that GLUTE group performed seven gluteal activation exercises three times weekly prior to their normal training sessions. Whilst the CON group performed the conventional training with no gluteal activation exercises. Electromyography (EMG) was measured during a maximal isometric unilateral squat (MVIC) and unilateral hip extension force from the left and right vastus lateralis, gluteus maximus, and biceps femoris. After 6 weeks of training there was no significant main or interaction effect (p > 0.05) of EMG and peak force for MVIC and hip extension between GLUTE and CON. The current gluteal activation programme did not enhance EMG activity and hip extension force therefore, the body-weight exercises may not have been sufficient to elicit the appropriate changes.

ACS Style

Darryl J. Cochrane; Michael C. Harnett; Scott C. Pinfold. Does short-term gluteal activation enhance muscle performance? Research in Sports Medicine 2017, 25, 156 -165.

AMA Style

Darryl J. Cochrane, Michael C. Harnett, Scott C. Pinfold. Does short-term gluteal activation enhance muscle performance? Research in Sports Medicine. 2017; 25 (2):156-165.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Darryl J. Cochrane; Michael C. Harnett; Scott C. Pinfold. 2017. "Does short-term gluteal activation enhance muscle performance?" Research in Sports Medicine 25, no. 2: 156-165.

Journal article
Published: 26 January 2017 in Human Movement
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Purpose. The aim of the study is to present a new method for determining the efficiency of take-off during a 60-s Bosco repeated vertical jump test. Method. The study involved 15 physical education students (age: 21.5 ± 2.4 years; height: 1.81 ± 0.08 m; mass: 76 ± 9 kg). The data were collected with the use of a pedobarographical system (Pedar-x; Novel, Munich, Germany). The statistical analysis utilized a simple linear regression model. Results. Owing to possible fatigue, flight time and flight height decreased. The average flight height was 0.260 ± 0.063 m, and the average contact time equalled 0.54 ± 0.16 s. The average anaerobic power values calculated for the 60-s work period had the mean value of 21.9 ± 6.7 W · kgBW

ACS Style

Soňa Jandová; Michal Musilek; Andrew J. Martin; Darryl Cochrane; Jiri Rozkovec. Take-Off Efficiency: Transformation of Mechanical Work Into Kinetic Energy During the Bosco Test. Human Movement 2017, 18, 1 .

AMA Style

Soňa Jandová, Michal Musilek, Andrew J. Martin, Darryl Cochrane, Jiri Rozkovec. Take-Off Efficiency: Transformation of Mechanical Work Into Kinetic Energy During the Bosco Test. Human Movement. 2017; 18 (3):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Soňa Jandová; Michal Musilek; Andrew J. Martin; Darryl Cochrane; Jiri Rozkovec. 2017. "Take-Off Efficiency: Transformation of Mechanical Work Into Kinetic Energy During the Bosco Test." Human Movement 18, no. 3: 1.