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Pierre-Luc Chagnon
Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), Université de Montréal, 4101 Rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada

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Short Biography

EDUCATION Doctorat, Ph.D. Écologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015 Baccalauréat, B.Sc. Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009 RESEARCH My research gravitates around community ecology, plant ecology, mycorrhizal symbioses and soil fungi. I am interested in untangling the drivers of symbiotic, bipartite community assembly, with a focus on network-based mathematical tools to quantify their structural patterns. Using mycorrhizal symbioses as a model system, and network-based approaches as a tool, my aims are to (1) advance our understanding of this widespread and ecologically significant symbiosis and (2) provide empirical tests for theory related to assembly and dynamics of ecological networks. I thus see my research as one displaying a happy mix of question-based and system-based approaches (i.e., system-based research anchored by a strong theoretical background).

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Journal article
Published: 10 August 2021 in Plants
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Soil bacteria drive key ecosystem functions, including nutrient mobilization, soil aggregation and crop bioprotection against pathogens. Bacterial diversity is thus considered a key component of soil health. Conventional agriculture reduces bacterial diversity in many ways. Compost tea has been suggested as a bioinoculant that may restore bacterial community diversity and promote crop performance under conventional agriculture. Here, we conducted a field experiment to test this hypothesis in a soybean-maize rotation. Compost tea application had no influence on bacterial diversity or community structure. Plant growth and yield were also unresponsive to compost tea application. Combined, our results suggest that our compost tea bacteria did not thrive in the soil, and that the positive impacts of compost tea applications reported elsewhere may be caused by different microbial groups (e.g., fungi, protists and nematodes) or by abiotic effects on soil (e.g., contribution of nutrients and dissolved organic matter). Further investigations are needed to elucidate the mechanisms through which compost tea influences crop performance.

ACS Style

Rana Bali; Jonathan Pineault; Pierre-Luc Chagnon; Mohamed Hijri. Fresh Compost Tea Application Does Not Change Rhizosphere Soil Bacterial Community Structure, and Has No Effects on Soybean Growth or Yield. Plants 2021, 10, 1638 .

AMA Style

Rana Bali, Jonathan Pineault, Pierre-Luc Chagnon, Mohamed Hijri. Fresh Compost Tea Application Does Not Change Rhizosphere Soil Bacterial Community Structure, and Has No Effects on Soybean Growth or Yield. Plants. 2021; 10 (8):1638.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rana Bali; Jonathan Pineault; Pierre-Luc Chagnon; Mohamed Hijri. 2021. "Fresh Compost Tea Application Does Not Change Rhizosphere Soil Bacterial Community Structure, and Has No Effects on Soybean Growth or Yield." Plants 10, no. 8: 1638.

Review
Published: 12 February 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
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Bioaugmentation in the form of artificial mycorrhization of plant roots and bacterial inoculation has been successfully implemented in several fields including soil remediation or activated sludge treatment. Likewise, bioaugmentation seems a promising approach to improve the functioning of treatment wetlands, considering that natural mycorrhization has been detected in treatment wetlands and that bacteria are the main driver of contaminant degradation processes. However, to date, full scale implementation seems to be rare. This review synthesizes the effects of bioaugmentation on different types of treatment wetlands, to a large extent performed on a microcosm (<0.5 m2) or mesocosm scale (0.51 to 5 m2). While inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi tended to show a positive effect on the growth of some wetland plants (e.g. Phragmites australis), the mechanisms underlying such positive effects are not well understood and the effects of upscaling to full scale treatment wetlands remain unknown. Bacterial inoculation tended to promote plant growth and pollutant degradation, but longer term data is required.

ACS Style

Katharina Tondera; Florent Chazarenc; Pierre-Luc Chagnon; Jacques Brisson. Bioaugmentation of treatment wetlands – A review. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 775, 145820 .

AMA Style

Katharina Tondera, Florent Chazarenc, Pierre-Luc Chagnon, Jacques Brisson. Bioaugmentation of treatment wetlands – A review. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 775 ():145820.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katharina Tondera; Florent Chazarenc; Pierre-Luc Chagnon; Jacques Brisson. 2021. "Bioaugmentation of treatment wetlands – A review." Science of The Total Environment 775, no. : 145820.

Report
Published: 04 February 2021 in Current Biology
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Summary The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are involved in one of the most ecologically important symbioses on the planet, occurring within the roots of most land plants.1 Knowledge of even basic elements of AM fungal biology is still poor, with the discovery that AMF may in fact have a sexual life cycle being only very recently reported.2–5 AMF produce asexual spores that contain up to several thousand individual haploid nuclei6 of either largely uniform genotypes (AMF homokaryons) or nuclei originating from two parental genotypes2–5 (AMF dikaryons or heterokaryons). In contrast to the sexual dikaryons in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota,7 , 8 in which pairs of nuclei coexist in single hyphal compartments, AMF dikaryons carry several thousand nuclei in a coenocytic mycelium. Here, we set out to better understand the dynamics of this unique multinucleate condition by combining molecular analyses with advanced microscopy and modeling. Herein, we report that select AMF dikaryotic strains carry the distinct nucleotypes in equal proportions to one another, whereas others show an unequal distribution of parental nucleotypes. In both cases, the relative proportions within a given strain are inherently stable. Simulation models suggest that AMF dikaryons may be maintained through nuclear cooperation dynamics. Remarkably, we report that these nuclear ratios shift dramatically in response to plant host identity, revealing a previously unknown layer of genetic complexity and dynamism within the intimate interactions that occur between the partners of a prominent terrestrial symbiosis.

ACS Style

Vasilis Kokkoris; Pierre-Luc Chagnon; Gökalp Yildirir; Kelsey Clarke; Dane Goh; Allyson M. MacLean; Jeremy Dettman; Franck Stefani; Nicolas Corradi. Host identity influences nuclear dynamics in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Current Biology 2021, 31, 1531 -1538.e6.

AMA Style

Vasilis Kokkoris, Pierre-Luc Chagnon, Gökalp Yildirir, Kelsey Clarke, Dane Goh, Allyson M. MacLean, Jeremy Dettman, Franck Stefani, Nicolas Corradi. Host identity influences nuclear dynamics in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Current Biology. 2021; 31 (7):1531-1538.e6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vasilis Kokkoris; Pierre-Luc Chagnon; Gökalp Yildirir; Kelsey Clarke; Dane Goh; Allyson M. MacLean; Jeremy Dettman; Franck Stefani; Nicolas Corradi. 2021. "Host identity influences nuclear dynamics in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi." Current Biology 31, no. 7: 1531-1538.e6.

Journal article
Published: 29 January 2020 in Forests
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Boreal forests provide important ecosystem services, most notably being the mitigation of increasing atmospheric CO2 emissions. Microbial biodiversity, particularly the local diversity of fungi, has been shown to promote multiple functions of the boreal forests of Northeastern China. However, this microbial biodiversity-multifunctionality relationship has yet to be explored in Northeastern Canada, where historical environment have shaped a different regional pool of microbial diversity. This study focuses on the relationship between the soil microbiome and ecosystem multifunctionality, as well as the influence of pH and redox potential (Eh) on the regulation of such relationship. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to explore the different causal relationships existing in the studied ecosystems. In a managed part of the Canadian boreal forest, 156 forest polygons were sampled to (1) estimate the α- and β-diversity of fungal and bacterial communities and (2) measure 12 ecosystem functions mainly related to soil nutrient storage and cycling. Both bacteria and fungi influenced ecosystem multifunctionality, but on their own respective functions. Bacterial β-diversity was the most important factor increasing primary productivity and soil microbial biomass, while reducing soil emitted atmospheric CO2. Environmental characteristics, particularly low levels of organic matter in soil, were shown to have the strongest positive impact on boreal ecosystem multifunctionality. Overall, our results were consistent with those obtained in Northeastern China; however, some differences need to be further explored especially considering the history of forest management in Northeastern Canada.

ACS Style

Roxanne Giguère-Tremblay; Genevieve Laperriere; Arthur De Grandpré; Amélie Morneault; Danny Bisson; Pierre-Luc Chagnon; Hugo Germain; Vincent Maire; Marie Vincent. Boreal Forest Multifunctionality Is Promoted by Low Soil Organic Matter Content and High Regional Bacterial Biodiversity in Northeastern Canada. Forests 2020, 11, 149 .

AMA Style

Roxanne Giguère-Tremblay, Genevieve Laperriere, Arthur De Grandpré, Amélie Morneault, Danny Bisson, Pierre-Luc Chagnon, Hugo Germain, Vincent Maire, Marie Vincent. Boreal Forest Multifunctionality Is Promoted by Low Soil Organic Matter Content and High Regional Bacterial Biodiversity in Northeastern Canada. Forests. 2020; 11 (2):149.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roxanne Giguère-Tremblay; Genevieve Laperriere; Arthur De Grandpré; Amélie Morneault; Danny Bisson; Pierre-Luc Chagnon; Hugo Germain; Vincent Maire; Marie Vincent. 2020. "Boreal Forest Multifunctionality Is Promoted by Low Soil Organic Matter Content and High Regional Bacterial Biodiversity in Northeastern Canada." Forests 11, no. 2: 149.

Journal article
Published: 02 December 2019 in Forests
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Fungi play important roles in forest ecosystems and understanding fungal diversity is crucial to address essential questions about species conservation and ecosystems management. Changes in fungal diversity can have severe impacts on ecosystem functionality. Unfortunately, little is known about fungal diversity in northern temperate and boreal forests, and we have yet to understand how abiotic variables shape fungal richness and composition. Our objectives were to make an overview of the fungal richness and the community composition in the region and identify their major abiotic drivers. We sampled 262 stands across the northern temperate and boreal Quebec forest located in the region of Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Mauricie, and Haute-Mauricie. At each site, we characterized fungal composition using Illumina sequencing, as well as several potential abiotic drivers (e.g., humus thickness, soil pH, vegetation cover, etc.). We tested effects of abiotic drivers on species richness using generalized linear models, while difference in fungal composition between stands was analyzed with permutational multivariate analysis of variance and beta-diversity partitioning analyses. Fungi from the order Agaricales, Helotiales, and Russulales were the most frequent and sites from the north of Abitibi-Témiscamingue showed the highest OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Unit) richness. Stand age and moss cover were the best predictors of fungal richness. On the other hand, the strongest drivers of fungal community structure were soil pH, average cumulative precipitation, and stand age, although much of community variance was left unexplained in our models. Overall, our regional metacommunity was characterized by high turnover rate, even when rare OTUs were removed. This may indicate strong environmental filtering by several unmeasured abiotic filters, or stronger than expected dispersal limitations in soil fungal communities. Our results show how difficult it can be to predict fungal community assembly even with high replication and efforts to include several biologically relevant explanatory variables.

ACS Style

Laperriere Genevieve; Chagnon Pierre-Luc; Giguère-Tremblay Roxanne; Morneault Amélie; Bisson Danny; Maire Vincent; Germain Hugo. Estimation of Fungal Diversity and Identification of Major Abiotic Drivers Influencing Fungal Richness and Communities in Northern Temperate and Boreal Quebec Forests. Forests 2019, 10, 1096 .

AMA Style

Laperriere Genevieve, Chagnon Pierre-Luc, Giguère-Tremblay Roxanne, Morneault Amélie, Bisson Danny, Maire Vincent, Germain Hugo. Estimation of Fungal Diversity and Identification of Major Abiotic Drivers Influencing Fungal Richness and Communities in Northern Temperate and Boreal Quebec Forests. Forests. 2019; 10 (12):1096.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laperriere Genevieve; Chagnon Pierre-Luc; Giguère-Tremblay Roxanne; Morneault Amélie; Bisson Danny; Maire Vincent; Germain Hugo. 2019. "Estimation of Fungal Diversity and Identification of Major Abiotic Drivers Influencing Fungal Richness and Communities in Northern Temperate and Boreal Quebec Forests." Forests 10, no. 12: 1096.

Research article
Published: 19 June 2019 in Journal of Ecology
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1.Understanding the factors and mechanisms driving the structure of ecological networks is a challenge for community ecologists. Notably, it remains unclear whether observed interaction patterns between two trophic groups are a result of (1) preferential partner selection between groups, or (2) species interactions within groups. 2.We conducted an experiment in order to disentangle these two drivers, using the plant‐mycorrhizal symbiosis as a model system. We followed mycorrhizal colonization of plant roots growing either with or without neighbours. This allowed us to assess the relative importance of interaction within trophic groups (here, plant‐to‐plant interactions) on ecological network assembly. 3.Results showed that plants were not equally affected by the presence of neighbours and that network nestedness was higher when plants grew without neighbours. We also found a poor correlation between the centrality (i.e. standardized number of interactions) of plant species grown in communities and those grown without neighbours, while the reverse was true for mycorrhizal fungi. This suggests that the optimum level of specificity or generalism in mycorrhizal selection is not a fixed plant trait, but a plastic, context‐dependent one. 4.Synthesis. Our results show that ecological networks are not only shaped by preferential partner selection, but also by interactions within a given trophic group. This finding should be considered in future modelling exercises on ecological network dynamics. Moreover, our nestedness results suggest that in the presence of multiple host plants, mycorrhizal fungi display preferences for specific interactions, suggesting that local plant diversity may shape mycorrhizal fungal community structure. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

Pierre‐Luc Chagnon; Robert L. Bradley; John N. Klironomos. Mycorrhizal network assembly in a community context: The presence of neighbours matters. Journal of Ecology 2019, 108, 366 -377.

AMA Style

Pierre‐Luc Chagnon, Robert L. Bradley, John N. Klironomos. Mycorrhizal network assembly in a community context: The presence of neighbours matters. Journal of Ecology. 2019; 108 (1):366-377.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pierre‐Luc Chagnon; Robert L. Bradley; John N. Klironomos. 2019. "Mycorrhizal network assembly in a community context: The presence of neighbours matters." Journal of Ecology 108, no. 1: 366-377.

Journal article
Published: 11 May 2019 in Journal of Ecology
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Ecological interactions range from purely specialized to extremely generalized in nature. Recent research has showed very high levels of specialization in the cyanolichens involving Peltigera (mycobionts) and their Nostoc photosynthetic partners (cyanobionts). Yet, little is known about the mechanisms contributing to the establishment and maintenance of such high specialization levels. Here, we characterized interactions between Peltigera and Nostoc partners at a global scale, using more than one thousand thalli. We used tools from network theory, community phylogenetics and biogeographical history reconstruction to evaluate how these symbiotic interactions may have evolved. After splitting the interaction matrix into modules of preferentially interacting partners, we evaluated how module membership might have evolved along the mycobionts’ phylogeny. We also teased apart the contributions of geographical overlap vs phylogeny in driving interaction establishment between Peltigera and Nostoc taxa. Module affiliation rarely evolves through the splitting of large ancestral modules. Instead, new modules appear to emerge independently, which is often associated with a fungal speciation event. We also found strong phylogenetic signal in these interactions, which suggests that partner switching is constrained by conserved traits. Therefore, it seems that a high rate of fungal diversification following a switch to a new cyanobiont can lead to the formation of large modules, with cyanobionts associating with multiple closely retated Peltigera species. Finally, when restricting our analyses to Peltigera sister species, the latter differed more through partner acquisition/loss than replacement (i.e., switching). This pattern vanishes as we look at sister species that have diverged longer ago. This suggests that fungal speciation may be accompanied by a stepwise process of (a) novel partner acquisition and (b) loss of the ancestral partner. This could explain the maintenance of high specialization levels in this symbiotic system where the transmission of the cyanobiont to the next generation is assumed to be predominantly horizontal. Synthesis. Overall, our study suggests that oscillation between generalization and ancestral partner loss may maintain high specialization within the lichen genus Peltigera , and that partner selection is not only driven by partners’ geographical overlap, but also by their phylogenetically conserved traits.

ACS Style

Pierre‐Luc Chagnon; Nicolas Magain; Jolanta Miadlikowska; Francois Lutzoni. Species diversification and phylogenetically constrained symbiont switching generated high modularity in the lichen genus Peltigera. Journal of Ecology 2019, 107, 1645 -1661.

AMA Style

Pierre‐Luc Chagnon, Nicolas Magain, Jolanta Miadlikowska, Francois Lutzoni. Species diversification and phylogenetically constrained symbiont switching generated high modularity in the lichen genus Peltigera. Journal of Ecology. 2019; 107 (4):1645-1661.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pierre‐Luc Chagnon; Nicolas Magain; Jolanta Miadlikowska; Francois Lutzoni. 2019. "Species diversification and phylogenetically constrained symbiont switching generated high modularity in the lichen genus Peltigera." Journal of Ecology 107, no. 4: 1645-1661.

Communication
Published: 08 March 2019 in Agriculture
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Many wind-sensitive and unproductive soils could benefit from increased glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), an operationally defined soil protein pool known to improve soil quality and nutrient storage. We expect at least part of this GRSP fraction to originate from fungal biomass. Although P-rich minerals such as apatite are known to increase C allocation from plants to mycorrhizal fungi, there are no studies directly linking apatite with GRSP. We investigated the effect of apatite on GRSP deposition rates in a cultivated field of wild lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton; Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.) in the Saguenay‒Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec (Canada). A field incubation technique (145 days) using sterilized porous sand bags (50 µm pores) was used to measure in situ easily extractable GRSP (EE-GRSP) deposition rates from bags with (n = 10) and without (n = 10) apatite. Half of the bags (n = 10) were also soaked in Proline® 480 SC (Bayer CropScience, Calgary, Alberta, Canada) (Prothioconazole) to determine if EE-GRSP deposition rates were affected by this commonly applied fungicide. Our results indicated that adding apatite into sand bags significantly increased (+70%) EE-GRSP deposition rates, whereas soaking the bags in fungicide had no significant effect. Although the direct linkage between GRSP and lowbush blueberry plants remains to be detailed, our study reports for the first time GRSP concentrations from lowbush blueberry soils. Implications of these findings are discussed.

ACS Style

Maxime Paré; Pierre-Luc Chagnon; Joanne Plourde; Valérie Legendre-Guillemin. Apatite Stimulates the Deposition of Glomalin-Related Soil Protein in a Lowbush Blueberry Commercial Field. Agriculture 2019, 9, 52 .

AMA Style

Maxime Paré, Pierre-Luc Chagnon, Joanne Plourde, Valérie Legendre-Guillemin. Apatite Stimulates the Deposition of Glomalin-Related Soil Protein in a Lowbush Blueberry Commercial Field. Agriculture. 2019; 9 (3):52.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maxime Paré; Pierre-Luc Chagnon; Joanne Plourde; Valérie Legendre-Guillemin. 2019. "Apatite Stimulates the Deposition of Glomalin-Related Soil Protein in a Lowbush Blueberry Commercial Field." Agriculture 9, no. 3: 52.

Journal article
Published: 14 May 2018 in Oecologia
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Identifying the drivers and evolutionary consequences of species interactions is a major goal of community ecology. Network-based analyses can provide mathematical tools to detect non-random patterns of interactions, and potentially help predicting the consequences of such patterns on evolutionary dynamics of symbiotic systems. Here, we characterize the structure of a lichen network at a very fine phylogenetic scale, by identifying the photosynthetic partners (i.e., cyanobacteria of the genus Nostoc) of lichenized fungi belonging to a monophyletic section of a single genus (i.e., section Polydactylon of the genus Peltigera), worldwide. Even at such a fine phylogenetic scale, we found that interactions were highly modular and anti-nested, indicating strong preferences in interactions. When considering local Peltigera communities, i.e., datasets at small spatial scales with only a slightly broader phylogenetic range, interactions remained modular but were asymmetric, with generalist Nostoc partners interacting with specialized Peltigera species. This asymmetry was not detected with our global spatial scale dataset. We discuss these results in the light of lichen community assembly, and explore how such interaction patterns may influence coevolution in lichens and the evolutionary stability of the mutualism in general.

ACS Style

P. L. Chagnon; N. Magain; J. Miadlikowska; F. Lutzoni. Strong specificity and network modularity at a very fine phylogenetic scale in the lichen genus Peltigera. Oecologia 2018, 187, 767 -782.

AMA Style

P. L. Chagnon, N. Magain, J. Miadlikowska, F. Lutzoni. Strong specificity and network modularity at a very fine phylogenetic scale in the lichen genus Peltigera. Oecologia. 2018; 187 (3):767-782.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. L. Chagnon; N. Magain; J. Miadlikowska; F. Lutzoni. 2018. "Strong specificity and network modularity at a very fine phylogenetic scale in the lichen genus Peltigera." Oecologia 187, no. 3: 767-782.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2017 in Botany
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There is a growing interest in using plants to provide low-cost ecosystem services in a diversity of environments (e.g., polluted, degraded, urban). These utilizations of plants are collectively referred to as phytotechnologies. Many plants used in phytotechnological applications are naturally found to associate with mycorrhizal fungi. These fungal associates can provide numerous ecosystem services, or help plants to do so. There is thus an obvious incentive to better understand how mycorrhizal symbioses can assist phytotechnologies. For some phytotechnological applications, the benefits of using mycorrhizal fungi seem well-established, while for others, these benefits are either uncertain or simply unexplored. In all cases, a trait-based, mechanistic understanding of what allows mycorrhizal fungi to provide any benefit/service is urgently needed. This will help to develop reliable, mycorrhiza-assisted phytotechnologies in the future, while also improving our fundamental understanding of the evolution of stress tolerance in these important plant-associated symbionts.

ACS Style

Pierre-Luc Chagnon; Jacques Brisson. The role of mycorrhizal symbioses in phytotechnology. Botany 2017, 95, 971 -982.

AMA Style

Pierre-Luc Chagnon, Jacques Brisson. The role of mycorrhizal symbioses in phytotechnology. Botany. 2017; 95 (10):971-982.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pierre-Luc Chagnon; Jacques Brisson. 2017. "The role of mycorrhizal symbioses in phytotechnology." Botany 95, no. 10: 971-982.

Journal article
Published: 11 September 2017 in Journal of Ecology
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When placing roots in the soil, plants integrate information about soil nutrients, plant neighbours and beneficial/detrimental soil organisms. While the fine-scale spatial heterogeneity in soil nutrients and plant neighbours have been described previously, virtually nothing is known about the spatial structure in soil biotic quality (measured here as a soil Biota-Induced plant Growth Response, or BIGR), or its correlation with nutrients or neighbours. Such correlations could imply trade-offs in root placement decisions. Theory would predict that soil BIGR is (1) negatively related to soil fertility and (2) associated with plant community structure, such that plants influence soil biota (and vice versa) through plant–soil feedbacks. We would also expect that since plants have species-specific impacts on soil organisms, spatially homogeneous plant communities should also homogenize soil BIGR. Here, we test these hypotheses in a semi-arid grassland by (1) characterizing the spatial structure of soil BIGR at a scale experienced by an individual plant and (2) correlating it to soil abiotic properties and plant community structure. We do so in two types of plant communities: (1) low-diversity patches dominated by an invasive grass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and (2) patches covered mostly by native vegetation, with the expectation that dominance by Bromus would homogenize soil BIGR. Soil BIGR was spatially heterogeneous, but not autocorrelated. This was true in both vegetation types (Bromus-invaded vs. native patches). Conversely, soil abiotic properties and plant community structure were frequently spatially autocorrelated at similar scales. Also, contrary to many studies, we found a positive correlation between soil BIGR and soil fertility. Soil BIGR was also associated with plant community structure. Synthesis. The positive correlation between soil BIGR and some soil nutrient levels suggests that plants do not necessarily trade-off between foraging for nutrients vs. biotic interactions: nutritional cues could rather indicate the presence of beneficial soil biota. Moreover, the spatial structure in plant communities, coupled with their correlation with soil BIGR, jointly suggest that plant–soil feedbacks operate at local scales in the field: this has been identified in modelling studies as an important driver of plant coexistence.

ACS Style

Pierre-Luc Chagnon; Charlotte Brown; Gisela C. Stotz; James Cahill. Soil biotic quality lacks spatial structure and is positively associated with fertility in a northern grassland. Journal of Ecology 2017, 106, 195 -206.

AMA Style

Pierre-Luc Chagnon, Charlotte Brown, Gisela C. Stotz, James Cahill. Soil biotic quality lacks spatial structure and is positively associated with fertility in a northern grassland. Journal of Ecology. 2017; 106 (1):195-206.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pierre-Luc Chagnon; Charlotte Brown; Gisela C. Stotz; James Cahill. 2017. "Soil biotic quality lacks spatial structure and is positively associated with fertility in a northern grassland." Journal of Ecology 106, no. 1: 195-206.