Clarifying the spatial correlation network structure of green development efficiency (GDE) is of great significance for realizing coordinated and sustainable development in China. By constructing the evaluation index system of GDE, this study used the super epsilon-based measure (EBM) model that considers undesirable output to measure the GDE of China from 2000 to 2018, based on which the characteristics of the spatial correlation network characteristics and influencing factors were analyzed using social network analysis (SNA) and a geographical detector. The results indicated that: (1) The GDE of China as a whole remained relatively stable, and there was a significant spatial spillover effect of GDE between provinces; the spatial correlation network demonstrated complex and dense characteristics, and the closeness and stability of the network gradually increased. However, the strict hierarchical structure of the network still existed. (2) The eastern coastal provinces exhibited significant spillover effects and connectivity functions, while the northeastern and central-western provinces are located at the edges of the spatial correlation network. (3) The GDE spatial correlation network is divided into a leader subgroup, bridge subgroup and net benefit subgroup, with no isolated subgroup. (4) The economic development level, urbanization and financial development have a decisive impact on the formation of the GDE spatial correlation network.