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Paul D. Roach
School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia

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Journal article
Published: 19 January 2021 in Agronomy
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Gac is valued for the nutritious aril surrounding its seed. When pollinators are limited or when flower sex expression is female-biased, hand pollination is necessary. Here, female flowers were hand pollinated with male flowers or pollen stored for up to 84 days at 4 or −20 °C, and fruit set and some qualities of mature fruit were evaluated. Cool storage reduced pollen viability (germinability and pollen tube length) and compromised fruit set (10–87%) compared with fresh pollen (97%). Fruit weight was also reduced at least by 8%, and oil concentration in aril by 40%. However, the lycopene and β-carotene concentrations in aril were largely uncompromised, and some fruits were of a marketable weight (>1.2 kg) and quality. Cool storage is a low-cost method for the short-term storage of Gac pollen. However, methods for drying pollen to an inactive state need investigation for a storage protocol, and for improvements in fruit set and fruit physicochemical qualities using hand pollination.

ACS Style

Xuan T. Tran; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. Reduced Pollination Efficiency Compromises Some Physicochemical Qualities in Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Fruit. Agronomy 2021, 11, 190 .

AMA Style

Xuan T. Tran, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen, Paul D. Roach. Reduced Pollination Efficiency Compromises Some Physicochemical Qualities in Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Fruit. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (1):190.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xuan T. Tran; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. 2021. "Reduced Pollination Efficiency Compromises Some Physicochemical Qualities in Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Fruit." Agronomy 11, no. 1: 190.

Journal article
Published: 18 December 2019 in Processes
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The peel of Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.), which is considered as waste of Gac processing, has been found to possess high levels of carotenoids and other antioxidants. This study aimed at determining the optimal conditions of an ultrasound-assisted extraction for recovering carotenoids and antioxidant capacity from Gac peel. A response surface methodology using the Box–Behnken design was employed to investigate the impact of extraction time, temperature and ultrasonic power on the recovery of total carotenoid and antioxidant capacity. The results showed that an extraction time of 76 min, temperature of 50 °C and ultrasonic power of 250 W were the optimal conditions for the extraction. The experimental carotenoid yield and antioxidant capacity obtained under the optimal extraction conditions were validated as 269 mg/100 g DW (dry weight) and 822 µM TE (Trolox equivalent)/100 g DW, respectively. These values were not significantly different from the values predicted by the models. The HPLC analysis for carotenoid composition showed that β-carotene, lycopene and lutein were the principal carotenoids of the extract, which constitute 86% of the total carotenoid content. Based on the obtained results, the ultrasound-assisted extraction using ethyl acetate under the above optimal conditions is suggested for the simultaneous recovery of carotenoids and antioxidant capacity from Gac peel.

ACS Style

Hoang V. Chuyen; Paul D. Roach; John B. Golding; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of GAC Peel: An Optimization of Extraction Conditions for Recovering Carotenoids and Antioxidant Capacity. Processes 2019, 8, 8 .

AMA Style

Hoang V. Chuyen, Paul D. Roach, John B. Golding, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of GAC Peel: An Optimization of Extraction Conditions for Recovering Carotenoids and Antioxidant Capacity. Processes. 2019; 8 (1):8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hoang V. Chuyen; Paul D. Roach; John B. Golding; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen. 2019. "Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of GAC Peel: An Optimization of Extraction Conditions for Recovering Carotenoids and Antioxidant Capacity." Processes 8, no. 1: 8.

Journal article
Published: 22 August 2019 in Food Hydrocolloids
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Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis) is a tropical fruit. It belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. Gac pulp (or mesocarp) that accounts for 40–50% of fruit weight is commonly discarded during the processing of Gac fruit. However, this by-product is a rich source of nutrients and bioactive compounds, which are potential to produce edible films. This study aimed to determine the effect of sodium alginate, kappa-carrageenan, Gac pulp and glycerol on film properties and optimise the formula of this composite film for further applications using a response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that sodium alginate, kappa-carrageenan, Gac pulp, and glycerol affected physical and barrier properties, colour parameters, and mechanical properties of the films. The optimal formulation to generate a composite film from Gac pulp include sodium alginate 1.03%, kappa-carrageenan 0.65%, Gac pulp 0.4%, and glycerol 0.85% (w/v), where this film produces high mechanical properties, low water vapour permeability and acceptable physical properties. This optimised film formulation demonstrates a potential for food application.

ACS Style

Thuy T.B. Tran; Paul Roach; Minh H. Nguyen; Penta Pristijono; Quan V. Vuong. Development of biodegradable films based on seaweed polysaccharides and Gac pulp (Momordica cochinchinensis), the waste generated from Gac oil production. Food Hydrocolloids 2019, 99, 105322 .

AMA Style

Thuy T.B. Tran, Paul Roach, Minh H. Nguyen, Penta Pristijono, Quan V. Vuong. Development of biodegradable films based on seaweed polysaccharides and Gac pulp (Momordica cochinchinensis), the waste generated from Gac oil production. Food Hydrocolloids. 2019; 99 ():105322.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thuy T.B. Tran; Paul Roach; Minh H. Nguyen; Penta Pristijono; Quan V. Vuong. 2019. "Development of biodegradable films based on seaweed polysaccharides and Gac pulp (Momordica cochinchinensis), the waste generated from Gac oil production." Food Hydrocolloids 99, no. : 105322.

Journal article
Published: 05 February 2019 in Separations
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The seeds of the Gac fruit, Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng, are rich in trypsin inhibitors (TIs) but their optimal extraction and the effects of freeze drying are not established. This study aims to (1) compare aqueous solvents (DI water, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.02 M NaOH and ACN)/water/FA, 25:24:1) for extracting TIs from defatted Gac seed kernel powder, (2) to optimise the extraction in terms of solvent, time and material to solvent ratio and (3) to produce a TI-enriched freeze-dried powder (FD-TIP) with good characteristics. Based on the specific TI activity (TIA), the optimal extraction was 1 h using a ratio of 2.0 g of defatted powder in 30 mL of 0.05 M NaCl. The optimisation improved the TIA and specific TIA by 8% and 13%, respectively. The FD-TIP had a high specific TIA (1.57 ± 0.17 mg trypsin/mg protein), although it also contained saponins (43.6 ± 2.3 mg AE/g) and phenolics (10.5 ± 0.3 mg GAE/g). The FD-TIP was likely stable during storage due to its very low moisture content (0.43 ± 0.08%) and water activity (0.18 ± 0.07) and its ability to be easily reconstituted in water due to its high solubility index (92.4 ± 1.5%). Therefore, the optimal conditions for the extraction of TIs from defatted Gac seed kernel powder followed by freeze drying gave a high quality powder in terms of its highly specific TIA and physical properties.

ACS Style

Anh V. Le; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. Optimised Extraction of Trypsin Inhibitors from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) Seeds for Production of a Trypsin Inhibitor‐Enriched Freeze Dried Powder. Separations 2019, 6, 8 .

AMA Style

Anh V. Le, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen, Paul D. Roach. Optimised Extraction of Trypsin Inhibitors from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) Seeds for Production of a Trypsin Inhibitor‐Enriched Freeze Dried Powder. Separations. 2019; 6 (1):8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anh V. Le; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. 2019. "Optimised Extraction of Trypsin Inhibitors from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) Seeds for Production of a Trypsin Inhibitor‐Enriched Freeze Dried Powder." Separations 6, no. 1: 8.

Original article
Published: 30 October 2018 in Journal of Food Processing and Preservation
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Scaevola spinescens is a native Australian plant that has traditionally been used for medical purposes. This study aimed to determine the impact of different drying conditions on the bioactive compound yield and antioxidant activity in dried S. spinescens. The results showed that different drying conditions significantly affected total phenolics, flavonoids, saponins and antioxidant activity. Microwave irradiation at 240 W retained the highest levels of total phenolics (45.82 mg GAE/g), whereas hot air‐drying at 110°C and vacuum oven drying at 90°C retained the highest levels of saponins (150.72 mg ESE/g and 146.61 mg ESE/g, respectively) and antioxidant activity. Per kWh of energy consumed, microwave drying at 240 W for 600 s had dramatically higher yields than all other methods tested (~4,700 times more efficient than freeze drying and ~66 times more efficient than hot air or vacuum oven drying), and therefore is recommended for drying S. spinescens. Practical applications Drying is an important step in tea production, and also to prepare starting materials for further processing. However, the drying process can affect the retention of desired compounds and is closely associated with production costs. This study revealed that inappropriate drying conditions can negatively impact the retention of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of Scaevola spinescens. Furthermore, we consider recovery yields with respect to power consumed, and found that microwave irradiation at 240 W for 600 s to be the most energy efficient drying method. Microwave irradiation is also the fastest method of drying and can be easily applied to dry S. spinescens on a commercial scale.

ACS Style

Kien Q. Nguyen; Quan V. Vuong; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. The effects of drying conditions on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of the Australian maroon bush, Scaevola spinescens. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 2018, 42, 1 .

AMA Style

Kien Q. Nguyen, Quan V. Vuong, Minh H. Nguyen, Paul D. Roach. The effects of drying conditions on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of the Australian maroon bush, Scaevola spinescens. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 2018; 42 (10):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kien Q. Nguyen; Quan V. Vuong; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. 2018. "The effects of drying conditions on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of the Australian maroon bush, Scaevola spinescens." Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 42, no. 10: 1.

Journal article
Published: 11 October 2018 in Technologies
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Gac seeds are high in oil, but there are few studies on its extraction and characteristics. This study aimed to characterise Gac seeds and investigate the physicochemical properties of Gac seed oil extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and hexane (Soxhlet). The Gac seed kernel accounted for 66.4 ± 2.7% of the seed weight, and 53.02 ± 1.27% of it was oil. The SC-CO2 oil had a higher quality than the Soxhlet oil for important criteria, such as peroxide (0.12 ± 0.02 vs. 1.80 ± 0.01 meq O2/kg oil), free fatty acid (1.74 ± 0.12 vs. 2.47 ± 0.09 mg KOH/g oil) and unsaponifiable matter (33.2 ± 1.5 vs. 52.6 ± 2.4 g/kg) values, respectively. It also had a better colour (light yellow vs. dark greenish brown) and a higher antioxidant capacity measured with the DPPH (52.69 ± 0.06 vs. 42.98 ± 0.02 µmol Trolox equivalent/g oil) and ABTS (2.10 ± 0.12 vs. 1.52 ± 0.06 µmol Trolox equivalent/g oil) assays. However, a higher yield (53.02 ± 1.27 vs. 34.1 ± 0.8%) was obtained for the Soxhlet oil. Unless refined, the oils would not be edible due to their high unsaponifiable matter, but the SC-CO2 oil would need less refining. Alternatively, the high unsaponifiable matter in the oil, especially in the Soxhlet oil, may make it useful for medicinal purposes.

ACS Style

Anh V. Le; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. Physicochemical Properties of Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng) Seeds and Their Oil Extracted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Soxhlet Methods. Technologies 2018, 6, 94 .

AMA Style

Anh V. Le, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen, Paul D. Roach. Physicochemical Properties of Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng) Seeds and Their Oil Extracted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Soxhlet Methods. Technologies. 2018; 6 (4):94.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anh V. Le; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. 2018. "Physicochemical Properties of Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng) Seeds and Their Oil Extracted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Soxhlet Methods." Technologies 6, no. 4: 94.

Journal article
Published: 18 September 2018 in Medicines
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Background: Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) seeds have long been used in traditional medicine as a remedy for numerous conditions due to a range of bioactive compounds. This study investigated the solvent extraction of compounds that could be responsible for antioxidant activity and anticancer potential. Methods: Defatted Gac seed kernel powder was extracted with different solvents: 100% water, 50% methanol:water, 70% ethanol:water, water saturated butanol, 100% methanol, and 100% ethanol. Trypsin inhibitors, saponins, phenolics, and antioxidant activity using the 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays; and anticancer potential against two melanoma cancer cell lines (MM418C1 and D24) were analysed to determine the best extraction solvents. Results: Water was best for extracting trypsin inhibitors (581.4 ± 18.5 mg trypsin/mg) and reducing the viability of MM418C1 and D24 melanoma cells (75.5 ± 1.3 and 66.9 ± 2.2%, respectively); the anticancer potential against the MM418C1 cells was highly correlated with trypsin inhibitors (r = 0.92, p < 0.05), but there was no correlation between anticancer potential and antioxidant activity. The water saturated butanol had the highest saponins (71.8 ± 4.31 mg aescin equivalents/g), phenolic compounds (20.4 ± 0.86 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), and antioxidant activity, but these measures were not related to anticancer potential. Conclusions: Water yielded a Gac seed extract, rich in trypsin inhibitors, which had high anticancer potential against two melanoma cell lines.

ACS Style

Anh V. Le; Tien T. Huynh; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. Bioactive Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Anticancer Potential of Freeze-Dried Extracts from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) Seeds. Medicines 2018, 5, 104 .

AMA Style

Anh V. Le, Tien T. Huynh, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen, Paul D. Roach. Bioactive Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Anticancer Potential of Freeze-Dried Extracts from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) Seeds. Medicines. 2018; 5 (3):104.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anh V. Le; Tien T. Huynh; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. 2018. "Bioactive Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Anticancer Potential of Freeze-Dried Extracts from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) Seeds." Medicines 5, no. 3: 104.

Journal article
Published: 06 September 2018 in Technologies
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The colorimetric assay used for saponin quantification in plant extracts is subject to interference by common solvents used to extract the saponins from plant materials. Therefore, the degree of interference of ten common solvents was investigated. It was found that the presence of acetone, methanol and n-butanol in the reaction solution caused an intense darkening of the reaction solution in the absence of saponins, which likely could lead to erroneous saponin content values. Using aescin to construct standard curves with different solvents—such as water, ethanol, and methanol— also showed significant differences in the standard curves obtained, which led to different values when they were applied to quantify the saponin content of an ethanol extract from dried and powdered Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) seed kernels. To improve the method, a solvent evaporation step was added prior to the colorisation reaction to prevent undesired solvent interference during the reaction step. Using this modified protocol for the aescin standard curve and the Gac seed kernel extract eliminated any solvent interference. Thus, this improved protocol is recommended for the quantification of the saponin content of plant extracts irrespective of which extraction solvent is used.

ACS Style

Anh V. Le; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. Improving the Vanillin-Sulphuric Acid Method for Quantifying Total Saponins. Technologies 2018, 6, 84 .

AMA Style

Anh V. Le, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen, Paul D. Roach. Improving the Vanillin-Sulphuric Acid Method for Quantifying Total Saponins. Technologies. 2018; 6 (3):84.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anh V. Le; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. 2018. "Improving the Vanillin-Sulphuric Acid Method for Quantifying Total Saponins." Technologies 6, no. 3: 84.

Journal article
Published: 30 July 2018 in Separations
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Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) seeds contain bioactive compounds with medicinal properties. This study aimed to determine a suitable solvent and extraction technique for recovery of important compounds, namely, trypsin inhibitors, saponins, and phenolics. The antioxidant capacity and total solids of derived extracts were also measured. Water with conventional extraction method gave the highest value of trypsin inhibitor activity (118.45 ± 4.90 mg trypsin g−1) while water-saturated n-butanol and methanol extracts were characterized by their highest content of saponins (40.75 ± 0.31 and 38.80 ± 2.82 mg AE g−1, respectively). Aqueous extract with microwave assistance achieved the highest phenolics (3.18 ± 0.04 mg GAE g−1). As a measure of antioxidant capacity, the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assay gave highest value to the aqueous microwave extract (23.56 ± 0.82 μmol TE g−1) while the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay gave highest values to water-saturated n-butanol and 70% ethanol extracts (5.25 ± 0.04 and 4.71 ± 0.39 μmol TE g−1, respectively). The total solids value was highest using water with microwave assistance (141.5 g kg−1) while ultrasound treatment did not improve any extractions. Therefore, trypsin inhibitors are suitably recovered using water while water-saturated n-butanol or methanol is for saponins, both using a conventional method. Microwave extraction is suitable for phenolics recovery. These conditions are recommended for an efficient recovery of bioactive compounds from defatted Gac seeds.

ACS Style

Anh V. Le; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. Effect of Solvents and Extraction Methods on Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds. Separations 2018, 5, 39 .

AMA Style

Anh V. Le, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen, Paul D. Roach. Effect of Solvents and Extraction Methods on Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds. Separations. 2018; 5 (3):39.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anh V. Le; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. 2018. "Effect of Solvents and Extraction Methods on Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds." Separations 5, no. 3: 39.

Journal article
Published: 03 July 2018 in Medicines
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Background: Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) seeds contain saponins that are reportedly medicinal. It was hypothesised that the extraction of saponins from powdered Gac seed kernels could be optimised using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with ethanol as the extraction solvent. The aim was to determine an appropriate ethanol concentration, ratio of solvent to seed powder and microwave power and time for extraction. Whether or not defatting the Gac seed powder had an impact on the extraction of saponins, was also determined. Methods: Ethanol concentrations ranged from 60–100% were used to compare total saponins content (TSC) extracted from full-fat and defatted Gac seeds. Ratios of solvent to Gac seeds ranged from 10 to 100 mL g−1 and microwave conditions ranged from 1–4 cycles at power levels ranged from 360–720 W, were examined successively to evaluate their efficiency in extracting saponins from full-fat Gac seeds. Results: A four-fold higher of TSC was obtained in extracts from full-fat Gac seed powder than from defatted powder (100 vs. 26 mg aescin equivalents (AE) per gram of Gac seeds). The optimal parameters for the extraction of saponins were a ratio of 30 mL of 100% absolute ethanol per g of full-fat Gac seed powder with the microwave set at 360Wfor three irradiation cycles of 10 s power ON and 15 s power OFF per cycle. Conclusions: Gac seed saponins could be efficiently extracted using MAE. Full-fat powder of the seed kernels is recommended to be used for a better yield of saponins. The optimised MAE conditions are recommended for the extraction of enriched saponins from Gac seeds for potential application in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.

ACS Style

Anh V. Le; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. Optimisation of the Microwave-Assisted Ethanol Extraction of Saponins from Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds. Medicines 2018, 5, 70 .

AMA Style

Anh V. Le, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen, Paul D. Roach. Optimisation of the Microwave-Assisted Ethanol Extraction of Saponins from Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds. Medicines. 2018; 5 (3):70.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anh V. Le; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. 2018. "Optimisation of the Microwave-Assisted Ethanol Extraction of Saponins from Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds." Medicines 5, no. 3: 70.

Journal article
Published: 02 July 2018 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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Current chemotherapy drugs for pancreatic cancer only offer an increase in survival of up to six months. Additionally, they are highly toxic to normal tissues, drastically affecting the quality of life of patients. Therefore, the search for novel agents, which induce apoptosis in cancer cells while displaying limited toxicity towards normal cells, is paramount. The olive biophenols, oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol, have displayed cytotoxicity towards cancer cells without affecting non-tumorigenic cells in cancers of the breast and prostate. However, their activity in pancreatic cancer has not been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the anti-pancreatic cancer potential of oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol. Pancreatic cancer cells (MIA PaCa-2, BxPC-3, and CFPAC-1) and non-tumorigenic pancreas cells (HPDE) were treated with oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol to determine their effect on cell viability. Oleuropein displayed selective toxicity towards MIA PaCa-2 cells and hydroxytyrosol towards MIA PaCa-2 and HPDE cells. Subsequent analysis of Bcl-2 family proteins and caspase 3/7 activation determined that oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol induced apoptosis in MIA PaCa-2 cells, while oleuropein displayed a protective effect on HPDE cells. Gene expression analysis revealed putative mechanisms of action, which suggested that c-Jun and c-Fos are involved in oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol induced apoptosis of MIA PaCa-2 cells.

ACS Style

Chloe D. Goldsmith; Danielle R. Bond; Helen Jankowski; Judith Weidenhofer; Costas E. Stathopoulos; Paul D. Roach; Christopher J. Scarlett. The Olive Biophenols Oleuropein and Hydroxytyrosol Selectively Reduce Proliferation, Influence the Cell Cycle, and Induce Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2018, 19, 1937 .

AMA Style

Chloe D. Goldsmith, Danielle R. Bond, Helen Jankowski, Judith Weidenhofer, Costas E. Stathopoulos, Paul D. Roach, Christopher J. Scarlett. The Olive Biophenols Oleuropein and Hydroxytyrosol Selectively Reduce Proliferation, Influence the Cell Cycle, and Induce Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19 (7):1937.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chloe D. Goldsmith; Danielle R. Bond; Helen Jankowski; Judith Weidenhofer; Costas E. Stathopoulos; Paul D. Roach; Christopher J. Scarlett. 2018. "The Olive Biophenols Oleuropein and Hydroxytyrosol Selectively Reduce Proliferation, Influence the Cell Cycle, and Induce Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 7: 1937.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in LWT - Food Science and Technology
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ACS Style

Chloe Goldsmith; Quan Vuong; Costas E. Stathopoulos; Paul D. Roach; Christopher J. Scarlett. Ultrasound increases the aqueous extraction of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity from olive pomace. LWT - Food Science and Technology 2018, 89, 284 -290.

AMA Style

Chloe Goldsmith, Quan Vuong, Costas E. Stathopoulos, Paul D. Roach, Christopher J. Scarlett. Ultrasound increases the aqueous extraction of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity from olive pomace. LWT - Food Science and Technology. 2018; 89 ():284-290.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chloe Goldsmith; Quan Vuong; Costas E. Stathopoulos; Paul D. Roach; Christopher J. Scarlett. 2018. "Ultrasound increases the aqueous extraction of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity from olive pomace." LWT - Food Science and Technology 89, no. : 284-290.

Journal article
Published: 25 April 2017 in Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology
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ACS Style

Anh Le; Paul D. Roach; Minh H. Nguyen; Sophie E. Parks. Optimisation of Process Parameters for Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Oil from Gac Seed Kernel Powder. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology 2017, 13, 170 -177.

AMA Style

Anh Le, Paul D. Roach, Minh H. Nguyen, Sophie E. Parks. Optimisation of Process Parameters for Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Oil from Gac Seed Kernel Powder. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2017; 13 (4):170-177.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anh Le; Paul D. Roach; Minh H. Nguyen; Sophie E. Parks. 2017. "Optimisation of Process Parameters for Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Oil from Gac Seed Kernel Powder." Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology 13, no. 4: 170-177.

Journal article
Published: 20 April 2017 in Australian Journal of Crop Science
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ACS Style

Xuan T. Tran; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach; Tuyen Kha. Changes in physicochemical properties of Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) during storage. Australian Journal of Crop Science 2017, 11, 447 -452.

AMA Style

Xuan T. Tran, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen, Paul D. Roach, Tuyen Kha. Changes in physicochemical properties of Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) during storage. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 2017; 11 (4):447-452.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xuan T. Tran; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach; Tuyen Kha. 2017. "Changes in physicochemical properties of Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) during storage." Australian Journal of Crop Science 11, no. 4: 447-452.

Journal article
Published: 15 February 2017 in Journal of Food Processing and Preservation
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Gac fruit contains a high level of carotenoids in the seed membrane (aril), pulp, and peel. However, only the aril is commercially processed and the peel is currently discarded. This study investigated different pretreatments and drying temperatures on the colour, content of carotenoids and antioxidant activity of air-dried Gac peel. The results showed that pre-treatments of Gac peel prior to drying and the drying temperature significantly affected the colour, carotenoid content and antioxidant capacity of the dried peel. Peel treated with ascorbic acid and dried at 70°C retained the highest levels of carotenoids and ABTS antioxidant capacity. These results suggest that the pre-treatment with ascorbic acid solution can be applied to prevent the loss of carotenoids and antioxidant capacity caused by drying of Gac peel. Gac peel contains high levels of carotenoids but thousands tons of the peel are currently discarded as waste of the Gac processing industry. The results of this study showed that the combination of the pre-treatment of Gac peel with ascorbic acid solution with air drying at 70°C is an effective way to preserve carotenoids and antioxidant capacity of dried Gac peel, which can be utilised as a material for extraction of carotenoids.

ACS Style

Hoang V. Chuyen; Paul D. Roach; John Golding; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen. Effects of pretreatments and air drying temperatures on the carotenoid composition and antioxidant capacity of dried gac peel. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 2017, 41, e13226 .

AMA Style

Hoang V. Chuyen, Paul D. Roach, John Golding, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen. Effects of pretreatments and air drying temperatures on the carotenoid composition and antioxidant capacity of dried gac peel. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 2017; 41 (6):e13226.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hoang V. Chuyen; Paul D. Roach; John Golding; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen. 2017. "Effects of pretreatments and air drying temperatures on the carotenoid composition and antioxidant capacity of dried gac peel." Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 41, no. 6: e13226.

Journal article
Published: 15 February 2017 in International Journal of Food Science & Technology
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The peel of Gac fruit is regarded as waste product in the processing of Gac although it contains high level of carotenoids and possesses a significant antioxidant capacity. This study optimised the extraction yields of carotenoids and antioxidant capacity from Gac peel. Different organic solvents were examined to determine the most suitable solvent for the extraction. The extraction conditions including time, temperature and solvent–solid ratio were then optimised for maximising extraction yields of carotenoids and antioxidant capacity from Gac peel using response surface methodology. Ethyl acetate was identified as the most suitable solvent. The optimal extraction time, temperature and solvent–solid ratio were 150 min, 40.7 °C and 80 mL g−1, respectively. The carotenoid extraction yield and the antioxidant capacity extraction yield were 271 mg/100 g DW and 737 μm TE/100 g DW, respectively. Thus, the extraction using ethyl acetate with the ratio of 80:1 (mL solvent per g Gac peel) for 150 min at 40.7 °C is suggested for recovering carotenoids and antioxidant capacity from Gac peel.

ACS Style

Hoang V. Chuyen; Paul D. Roach; John B. Golding; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen. Optimisation of extraction conditions for recovering carotenoids and antioxidant capacity from Gac peel using response surface methodology. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 2017, 52, 972 -980.

AMA Style

Hoang V. Chuyen, Paul D. Roach, John B. Golding, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen. Optimisation of extraction conditions for recovering carotenoids and antioxidant capacity from Gac peel using response surface methodology. International Journal of Food Science & Technology. 2017; 52 (4):972-980.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hoang V. Chuyen; Paul D. Roach; John B. Golding; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen. 2017. "Optimisation of extraction conditions for recovering carotenoids and antioxidant capacity from Gac peel using response surface methodology." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 52, no. 4: 972-980.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies
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Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies

ACS Style

Hoang V. Chuyen; Xuan T. Tran; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach; Sophie E. Parks; John B. Golding. Yield of Carotenoids, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Extracts from Gac Peel as Affected by Different Solvents and Extraction Conditions. Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies 2017, 4, 1 .

AMA Style

Hoang V. Chuyen, Xuan T. Tran, Minh H. Nguyen, Paul D. Roach, Sophie E. Parks, John B. Golding. Yield of Carotenoids, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Extracts from Gac Peel as Affected by Different Solvents and Extraction Conditions. Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies. 2017; 4 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hoang V. Chuyen; Xuan T. Tran; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach; Sophie E. Parks; John B. Golding. 2017. "Yield of Carotenoids, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Extracts from Gac Peel as Affected by Different Solvents and Extraction Conditions." Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies 4, no. 1: 1.

Review
Published: 01 September 2016 in Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders
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Background: Obesity and metabolic syndrome are significant global health issues, with current public health messages predominately focused on altering dietary and physical activity behaviors. Resveratrol is a polyphenol (stilbenoid) commonly found in grapes, and human trials to date have shown conflicting and limited beneficial effects with respect to health. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of resveratrol supplementation on reducing body weight and modifying associated inflammatory markers. Methods: A systematic review was undertaken following the PRISMA guidelines and using five indexed databases (OVID MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and CINAHL). A search strategy was formulated to select randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled human trials investigating the effects of resveratrol supplementation on obesity or overweight, including body weight, metabolic and inflammatory markers. Results: Five thousand five hundred sixty-nine studies published from 1990 to November 2015 were identified, with only nine papers meeting the inclusion criteria. The studies involved 208 participants (aged 49.2 ± 8.3 years) and utilized a substantial range of resveratrol doses (75–3000 mg/day). Study durations were a minimum of 2 weeks (14–90 days). Seven studies indicated no significant change in body mass index or body weight (P > 0.05), and three studies showed no improvements in fat mass, fat volume, or abdominal fat distribution (P > 0.05). Four studies included measurements of inflammatory markers, with three of these finding resveratrol supplementation to have a significant positive effect (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the included studies, there is currently insufficient evidence to support the recommendation of resveratrol supplements in management of obesity. However, there were significant but not entirely consistent anti-inflammatory effects after resveratrol supplementation in overweight and obese individuals.

ACS Style

Julia Christenson; Serena J. Whitby; Duane Mellor; Jackson Thomas; Andrew Mc Kune; Paul D. Roach; Nenad Naumovski. The Effects of Resveratrol Supplementation in Overweight and Obese Humans: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 2016, 14, 323 -333.

AMA Style

Julia Christenson, Serena J. Whitby, Duane Mellor, Jackson Thomas, Andrew Mc Kune, Paul D. Roach, Nenad Naumovski. The Effects of Resveratrol Supplementation in Overweight and Obese Humans: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders. 2016; 14 (7):323-333.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julia Christenson; Serena J. Whitby; Duane Mellor; Jackson Thomas; Andrew Mc Kune; Paul D. Roach; Nenad Naumovski. 2016. "The Effects of Resveratrol Supplementation in Overweight and Obese Humans: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials." Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 14, no. 7: 323-333.

Comparative study
Published: 22 August 2016 in Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
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BACKGROUNDGac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) is a rich source of carotenoids for the manufacture of powder, oil and capsules for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical uses. Currently, only the aril of the Gac fruit is processed and the peel, like the other components, is discarded although it contains high level of carotenoids, which could be extracted for commercial use. In the present study, four different drying methods (hot-air, vacuum, heat pump and freeze drying), different temperatures and drying times were investigated for producing dried Gac peel suitable for carotenoid extraction.RESULTSThe drying methods and drying temperatures significantly affected the drying time, carotenoid content and antioxidant capacity of the dried Gac peel. Among the investigated drying methods, hot-air drying at 80 °C and vacuum drying at 50 °C produced dried Gac peel that exhibited the highest retention of carotenoids and the strongest antioxidant capacity.CONCLUSIONThe hot-air drying at 80 °C and the vacuum drying at 50 °C are recommended for the drying of Gac peel.

ACS Style

Hoang V. Chuyen; Paul D. Roach; John B. Golding; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen. Effects of four different drying methods on the carotenoid composition and antioxidant capacity of dried Gac peel. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2016, 97, 1656 -1662.

AMA Style

Hoang V. Chuyen, Paul D. Roach, John B. Golding, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen. Effects of four different drying methods on the carotenoid composition and antioxidant capacity of dried Gac peel. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2016; 97 (5):1656-1662.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hoang V. Chuyen; Paul D. Roach; John B. Golding; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen. 2016. "Effects of four different drying methods on the carotenoid composition and antioxidant capacity of dried Gac peel." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 97, no. 5: 1656-1662.

Review
Published: 21 June 2016 in Beverages
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Green tea catechins (GTCs) are secondary plant metabolites that have been associated with health benefits in human trials. As such, they have the potential to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk; however, results are not consistent. This systematic review of the published data assessed the putative effect of GTCs supplementation on anthropometric, blood pressure, and biochemical measures associated with CVD risk. It was conducted in accordance with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines exploring four major electronic databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus). Studies were included if they were published in peer-reviewed journals in English from 1990 until October 2015, and were human double-blind randomized and placebo-controlled trials (RCTs). From 122,428 articles initially identified, after two levels of screening, seven studies met the inclusion criteria. The review revealed consistent and significant (p ≤ 0.05) reductions in body mass index (BMI), blood pressure and plasma lipids; however, this effect would have been less if between-group effects had been considered. The current evidence base also has considerable methodological limitations due to suboptimal statistical methods used in data analyses. Future research efforts must aim to rectify this paucity of evidence with well-designed and well-reported prospective studies.

ACS Style

Sarah O. Lau; Ekavi N. Georgousopoulou; Jane Kellett; Jackson Thomas; Andrew Mc Kune; Duane Mellor; Paul D. Roach; Nenad Naumovski. The Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Green Tea Catechins on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Markers in Humans: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Beverages 2016, 2, 16 .

AMA Style

Sarah O. Lau, Ekavi N. Georgousopoulou, Jane Kellett, Jackson Thomas, Andrew Mc Kune, Duane Mellor, Paul D. Roach, Nenad Naumovski. The Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Green Tea Catechins on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Markers in Humans: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Beverages. 2016; 2 (2):16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sarah O. Lau; Ekavi N. Georgousopoulou; Jane Kellett; Jackson Thomas; Andrew Mc Kune; Duane Mellor; Paul D. Roach; Nenad Naumovski. 2016. "The Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Green Tea Catechins on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Markers in Humans: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials." Beverages 2, no. 2: 16.