Swollen Head Syndrome (SHS) is an economically important viral disease of chickens caused by avian metapneumovirus (aMPV). The virus comprises 6 different subtypes (A,B,C,D, New-1 and New-2). To date, no information was available on the presence of the virus in Tunisian poultry.

Marek's disease (MD) is a contagious avian viral disease that is responsible for large economic losses to farmers. The disease is caused by Marek's disease virus (species Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2), which causes neurological lesions, immune suppression, and tumor proliferation of lymphoid cells that invade a large number of organs and tissues. Despite widespread vaccination, Marek's disease virus (MDV), has shown a continuous increase in its virulence and has acquired the ability to overcome immune responses induced by vaccines. In the present study, the oncogenic serotype MDV-1 was detected by real-time PCR in DNA samples extracted from organs developing tumor infiltrations. Identification of the pathotype based on a 132-bp tandem repeat and sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the Meq gene and its encoded protein allowed classification of the isolated viruses as "very virulent", with two new and unique mutations in the Meq gene resulting in amino acid substitutions. Sequencing of pp38, vIl-8, UL1 and UL44 genes did not reveal any new mutations that were characteristic of the Tunisian isolates or correlated with virulence. These results raised concerns about the ability of HVT and CVI988 vaccines, which are currently used in Tunisia and other countries, to protect chickens against highly virulent virus strains.