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Dr. Gregory Gray
Duke University, Durham, United States

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0 Adenovirus
0 Epidemiology
0 Influenza A virus
0 enterovirus
0 CoronaVirus

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Adenovirus
Epidemiology
Influenza A virus
CoronaVirus
enterovirus
Zoonotic viruses
Influenza D virus

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Research
Published: 03 August 2021 in BMC Infectious Diseases
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Background Human Adenoviruses (HAdVs) cause a wide array of illnesses in all age groups. They particularly cause frequent morbidity among children. In China, human adenovirus types 3, 4, 7, 11, 14, 21, and 55 have caused at least seven outbreaks since 2000. However, limited studies are available regarding the epidemiological patterns and diversity of HAdVs types among hospitalized patients with respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Methods To understand the epidemiology and subtype distribution of HAdV infections associated with RTIs in China, nasal swab (NS) clinical samples were collected from 4129 patients in a Guangzhou hospital between August 2017 and October 2019. PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis were performed on these specimens to identify HAdV subtypes. Results HAdV was successfully sequenced in 99 (2.4%) of the 4129 NS specimens, with the highest HAdV prevalence (6.3%) found in children between the ages of 5 and 10 years. Among HAdV-positive specimens, the most prevalent genotypes identified were HAdV-B3 (55.6%) and HAdV-B7 (25.3%). The most common symptoms in the HAdV-infected patients were fever (100%), cough (80.8%), and rhinorrhea (71.8%). HAdV infections were detected throughout the year with a relatively higher prevalence in summer. Conclusion All ages suffer adenovirus infections, but young children are at the greatest risk. This study data demonstrates that at least three species of HAdVs (species B, C, and E) are circulating in Guangzhou City, China. As antiviral therapies and type-specific vaccines become available, such epidemiological data will be useful in guiding therapy and public health interventions.

ACS Style

Xinye Wang; Dawei Wang; Sajid Umar; Sheng Qin; Qiong Ling; Gregory C. Gray; Yuntao Liu. Molecular typing of human adenoviruses among hospitalized patients with respiratory tract infections in a tertiary Hospital in Guangzhou, China between 2017 and 2019. BMC Infectious Diseases 2021, 21, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Xinye Wang, Dawei Wang, Sajid Umar, Sheng Qin, Qiong Ling, Gregory C. Gray, Yuntao Liu. Molecular typing of human adenoviruses among hospitalized patients with respiratory tract infections in a tertiary Hospital in Guangzhou, China between 2017 and 2019. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2021; 21 (1):1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xinye Wang; Dawei Wang; Sajid Umar; Sheng Qin; Qiong Ling; Gregory C. Gray; Yuntao Liu. 2021. "Molecular typing of human adenoviruses among hospitalized patients with respiratory tract infections in a tertiary Hospital in Guangzhou, China between 2017 and 2019." BMC Infectious Diseases 21, no. 1: 1-8.

Original article
Published: 29 July 2021 in Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
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Growth in pork production during the last decade in South Africa has escalated the risk of zoonotic pathogen emergence. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate evidence for cross-species transmission of influenza A virus between pigs and swine workers. Between February and October 2018, samples from swine workers and pigs were collected from three farms in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Workers nasal washes and serum samples, and swine oral secretion samples (rope sampling method) were studied for evidence of swine influenza A virus infection using molecular and serological methods. Among 84 human nasal washes and 51 swine oral secretion specimens, 44 (52.4%) and 6 (11.8%) had molecular evidence of influenza A virus. Microneutralization assays with workers’ enrollment sera against swine H1N1 and H3N2 viruses revealed a high prevalence of elevated antibodies. Multivariate risk factor analysis showed that male workers from the age-group quartile 23 to 32 years, who self-reported a recent history of exposure to someone with influenza disease and seldom use of personal protective equipment were at highest risk of molecular detection of influenza A virus. These pilot study data suggest that influenza A viruses are likely highly prevalent on South African swine farms. South Africa would benefit from periodic surveillance for novel influenza viruses, as well as education and seasonal influenza vaccine programs for swine workers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

ACS Style

Mohamed E. El Zowalaty; Anfal Abdelgadir; Laura K. Borkenhagen; Mariette F. Ducatez; Emily S. Bailey; Gregory C. Gray. Influenza a viruses are likely highly prevalent on South African Swine Farms. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Mohamed E. El Zowalaty, Anfal Abdelgadir, Laura K. Borkenhagen, Mariette F. Ducatez, Emily S. Bailey, Gregory C. Gray. Influenza a viruses are likely highly prevalent on South African Swine Farms. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohamed E. El Zowalaty; Anfal Abdelgadir; Laura K. Borkenhagen; Mariette F. Ducatez; Emily S. Bailey; Gregory C. Gray. 2021. "Influenza a viruses are likely highly prevalent on South African Swine Farms." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 08 July 2021 in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
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Background Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are important zoonotic enteric pathogens of One Health concern for humans, animals, and the environment. For this study, we investigated parasite prevalence and risk factors among rural, peri-urban, and urban households and environments of Mongolia. Methods This cross-sectional study implemented a household risk factor survey at 250 home sites along with sample collection from humans, animals, flies, and drinking water. Multiplex real-time PCR analysis was conducted to look for Cryptosporidium spp. and/or Giardia duodenalis within household samples. Results Lab analysis found one or both zoonotic parasites at 20% of the participating households (51/250). Human samples had a parasite prevalence of 6.4% (27/419), domestic animals at 3.3% (19/570), pooled filth flies at 14.8% (17/115), and drinking water samples at 2% (5/250). Parasite presence at the household was significantly associated with a household’s use of an improved drinking water source (OR 0.27; CI 0.12–0.61; p = < 0.01), having an indoor handwashing site (OR 0.41; CI 0.19–0.92; p = 0.03), domestic animal ownership (OR 2.40; CI 1.02–5.65; p = 0.05), and rural location (OR 0.50; CI 0.25–0.98; p = 0.04). Household use of an improved drinking water source remained significant in the multivariate model (OR 0.16; CI 0.04–0.68; p = 0.01). Conclusion In Mongolia, public and veterinary health are intertwined, particularly for rural herding households. Increased access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure could help prevent further transmission of zoonotic enteric parasites. Public health interventions, policy and messaging should utilize a One Health framework employing joint leadership from local human and animal health sectors.

ACS Style

Amber N. Barnes; Anu Davaasuren; Uyanga Baasandavga; Paul M. Lantos; Battsetseg Gonchigoo; Gregory C. Gray. Zoonotic enteric parasites in Mongolian people, animals, and the environment: Using One Health to address shared pathogens. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021, 15, e0009543 .

AMA Style

Amber N. Barnes, Anu Davaasuren, Uyanga Baasandavga, Paul M. Lantos, Battsetseg Gonchigoo, Gregory C. Gray. Zoonotic enteric parasites in Mongolian people, animals, and the environment: Using One Health to address shared pathogens. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2021; 15 (7):e0009543.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amber N. Barnes; Anu Davaasuren; Uyanga Baasandavga; Paul M. Lantos; Battsetseg Gonchigoo; Gregory C. Gray. 2021. "Zoonotic enteric parasites in Mongolian people, animals, and the environment: Using One Health to address shared pathogens." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 7: e0009543.

Letter to the editor
Published: 01 July 2021 in Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
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ACS Style

Anfal Abdelgadir; Anastasia N. Vlasova; Gregory C. Gray. Susceptibility of different cell lines to the novel canine coronavirus CCoV‐HuPn‐2018. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Anfal Abdelgadir, Anastasia N. Vlasova, Gregory C. Gray. Susceptibility of different cell lines to the novel canine coronavirus CCoV‐HuPn‐2018. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anfal Abdelgadir; Anastasia N. Vlasova; Gregory C. Gray. 2021. "Susceptibility of different cell lines to the novel canine coronavirus CCoV‐HuPn‐2018." Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 06 June 2021 in One Health
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We examined a collection of 386 animal, 451 human, and 109 archived bioaerosol samples with a new pan-species coronavirus molecular assay. Thirty-eight (4.02%) of 946 specimens yielded evidence of human or animal coronaviruses. Our findings demonstrate the utility of employing the pan-CoV RT-PCR assay in detecting varied coronavirus among human, animal, and environmental specimens. This RT-PCR assay might be employed as a screening diagnostic for early detection of coronaviruses incursions or prepandemic coronavirus emergence in animal or human populations.

ACS Style

Xinye Wang; Leshan Xiu; Raquel A. Binder; Teck-Hock Toh; Jeffrey Soon-Yit Lee; Jakie Ting; Son T. Than; Wenhao Qi; Kristen K. Coleman; David Perera; Maijuan Ma; Gregory C. Gray. A pan-coronavirus RT-PCR assay for rapid viral screening of animal, human, and environmental specimens. One Health 2021, 13, 100274 -100274.

AMA Style

Xinye Wang, Leshan Xiu, Raquel A. Binder, Teck-Hock Toh, Jeffrey Soon-Yit Lee, Jakie Ting, Son T. Than, Wenhao Qi, Kristen K. Coleman, David Perera, Maijuan Ma, Gregory C. Gray. A pan-coronavirus RT-PCR assay for rapid viral screening of animal, human, and environmental specimens. One Health. 2021; 13 ():100274-100274.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xinye Wang; Leshan Xiu; Raquel A. Binder; Teck-Hock Toh; Jeffrey Soon-Yit Lee; Jakie Ting; Son T. Than; Wenhao Qi; Kristen K. Coleman; David Perera; Maijuan Ma; Gregory C. Gray. 2021. "A pan-coronavirus RT-PCR assay for rapid viral screening of animal, human, and environmental specimens." One Health 13, no. : 100274-100274.

Biochemistry
Published: 27 May 2021 in PLOS Pathogens
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Antiviral therapeutics are a front-line defense against virally induced diseases. Because viruses frequently mutate to escape direct inhibition of viral proteins, there is interest in targeting the host proteins that the virus must co-opt to complete its replication cycle. However, a detailed understanding of the interactions between the virus and the host cell is necessary in order to facilitate development of host-directed therapeutics. As a first step, we performed a genome-wide loss of function screen using the alphacoronavirus HCoV-229E to better define the interactions between coronaviruses and host factors. We report the identification and validation of an ER-resident host protein, TMEM41B, as an essential host factor for not only HCoV-229E but also genetically distinct coronaviruses including the pandemic betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2. We show that the protein is required at an early, but post-receptor engagement, stage of the viral lifecycle. Further, mechanistic studies revealed that although the protein was not enriched at replication complexes, it likely contributes to viral replication complex formation via mobilization of cholesterol and other lipids to facilitate host membrane expansion and curvature. Continued study of TMEM41B and the development of approaches to prevent its function may lead to broad spectrum anti-coronavirus therapeutics.

ACS Style

Joseph D. Trimarco; Brook E. Heaton; Ryan R. Chaparian; Kaitlyn N. Burke; Raquel A. Binder; Gregory C. Gray; Clare M. Smith; Vineet D. Menachery; Nicholas S. Heaton. TMEM41B is a host factor required for the replication of diverse coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2. PLOS Pathogens 2021, 17, e1009599 .

AMA Style

Joseph D. Trimarco, Brook E. Heaton, Ryan R. Chaparian, Kaitlyn N. Burke, Raquel A. Binder, Gregory C. Gray, Clare M. Smith, Vineet D. Menachery, Nicholas S. Heaton. TMEM41B is a host factor required for the replication of diverse coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2. PLOS Pathogens. 2021; 17 (5):e1009599.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joseph D. Trimarco; Brook E. Heaton; Ryan R. Chaparian; Kaitlyn N. Burke; Raquel A. Binder; Gregory C. Gray; Clare M. Smith; Vineet D. Menachery; Nicholas S. Heaton. 2021. "TMEM41B is a host factor required for the replication of diverse coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 5: e1009599.

Journal article
Published: 20 May 2021 in Clinical Infectious Diseases
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Background During the validation of a highly sensitive pan-species coronavirus (CoV) semi-nested RT-PCR assay, we found canine CoV (CCoV) RNA in nasopharyngeal swabs from eight (2.5%) of 301 patients hospitalized with pneumonia during 2017-18 in Sarawak, Malaysia. Most patients were children living in rural areas with frequent exposure to domesticated animals and wildlife. Methods Specimens were further studied with universal and species-specific CoV and CCoV one-step RT-PCR assays, and viral isolation was performed in A72 canine cells. Complete genome sequencing was conducted using Sanger method. Results Two of eight specimens contained sufficient amounts of CCoVs as confirmed by less-sensitive single-step RT-PCR assays, and one specimen demonstrated cytopathic effects (CPE) in A72 cells. Complete genome sequencing of the virus causing CPE identified it as a novel canine-feline recombinant alphacoronavirus (genotype II) that we named CCoV-HuPn-2018. Most of CCoV-HuPn-2018 genome is more closely related to a CCoV TN-449, while its S gene shared significantly higher sequence identity with CCoV-UCD-1 (S1 domain) and a feline CoV WSU 79-1683 (S2 domain). CCoV-HuPn-2018 is unique for a 36 nt (12-aa) deletion in the N protein and the presence of full-length and truncated 7b non-structural protein which may have clinical relevance. Conclusions This is the first report of a novel canine-feline recombinant alphacoronavirus isolated from a human pneumonia patient. If confirmed as a pathogen, it may represent the eighth unique coronavirus known to cause disease in humans. Our findings underscore the public health threat of animal CoVs and a need to conduct better surveillance for them.

ACS Style

Anastasia N Vlasova; Annika Diaz; Debasu Damtie; Leshan Xiu; Teck-Hock Toh; Jeffrey Soon-Yit Lee; Linda J Saif; Gregory C Gray. Novel Canine Coronavirus Isolated from a Hospitalized Pneumonia Patient, East Malaysia. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Anastasia N Vlasova, Annika Diaz, Debasu Damtie, Leshan Xiu, Teck-Hock Toh, Jeffrey Soon-Yit Lee, Linda J Saif, Gregory C Gray. Novel Canine Coronavirus Isolated from a Hospitalized Pneumonia Patient, East Malaysia. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anastasia N Vlasova; Annika Diaz; Debasu Damtie; Leshan Xiu; Teck-Hock Toh; Jeffrey Soon-Yit Lee; Linda J Saif; Gregory C Gray. 2021. "Novel Canine Coronavirus Isolated from a Hospitalized Pneumonia Patient, East Malaysia." Clinical Infectious Diseases , no. : 1.

Letter to the editor
Published: 03 May 2021 in Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
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ACS Style

Emily R. Robie; Anfal Abdelgadir; Raquel A. Binder; Gregory C. Gray. Live SARS‐CoV‐2 is difficult to detect in patient aerosols. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 2021, 15, 554 -557.

AMA Style

Emily R. Robie, Anfal Abdelgadir, Raquel A. Binder, Gregory C. Gray. Live SARS‐CoV‐2 is difficult to detect in patient aerosols. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. 2021; 15 (4):554-557.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily R. Robie; Anfal Abdelgadir; Raquel A. Binder; Gregory C. Gray. 2021. "Live SARS‐CoV‐2 is difficult to detect in patient aerosols." Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 15, no. 4: 554-557.

Preprint content
Published: 08 April 2021
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Background Human Adenoviruses (HAdVs) cause a wide array of illnesses in all age groups. They particularly cause frequent morbidity among children. In China, human adenovirus types 3, 4, 7, 11, 14, 21, and 55 have caused at least seven outbreaks since 2000. However, limited studies are available regarding the epidemiological patterns and diversity of HAdVs types among hospitalized patients with respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Methods To understand the epidemiology and type distribution of HAdV infections associated with RTIs in China, nasal swab (NS) clinical samples were collected from 4129 patients in a Guangzhou hospital between August 2017 and October 2019. PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis were performed on these specimens to identify HAdV virus types. Results HAdV was detected in 99 (2.4%) of the 4,129 NS specimens, with the highest HAdV prevalence (6.3%) found in children between the ages of 5 and 10 years. Among HAdV-positive specimens, the most prevalent genotypes identified were HAdV-B3 (55.6%) and HAdV-B7 (25.3%). The most common symptoms in the HAdV-infected patients were fever (100%), cough (80.8%) and rhinorrhea (71.8%). HAdV infections were detected throughout the year with a relatively higher prevalence in summer. Conclusion All ages suffer adenovirus infections, but young children are at greatest risk. These study data demonstrate that at least three species of HAdVs (species B, C, and E) are circulating in Guangzhou City, China. As antiviral therapies and type-specific vaccines become available, such epidemiological data will be useful in guiding therapy and public health interventions.

ACS Style

Xinye Wang; Dawei Wang; Sajid Umar; Sheng Qin; Qiong Lin; Gregory C. Gray; Yuntao Liu. Molecular Typing of Human Adenovirus Infection among Hospitalized Patients with Respiratory Tract Infections in Guangzhou, China. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Xinye Wang, Dawei Wang, Sajid Umar, Sheng Qin, Qiong Lin, Gregory C. Gray, Yuntao Liu. Molecular Typing of Human Adenovirus Infection among Hospitalized Patients with Respiratory Tract Infections in Guangzhou, China. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xinye Wang; Dawei Wang; Sajid Umar; Sheng Qin; Qiong Lin; Gregory C. Gray; Yuntao Liu. 2021. "Molecular Typing of Human Adenovirus Infection among Hospitalized Patients with Respiratory Tract Infections in Guangzhou, China." , no. : 1.

Opinion
Published: 08 April 2021 in Viruses
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Despite many recent efforts to predict and control emerging infectious disease threats to humans, we failed to anticipate the zoonotic viruses which led to pandemics in 2009 and 2020. The morbidity, mortality, and economic costs of these pandemics have been staggering. We desperately need a more targeted, cost-efficient, and sustainable strategy to detect and mitigate future zoonotic respiratory virus threats. Evidence suggests that the transition from an animal virus to a human pathogen is incremental and requires a considerable number of spillover events and considerable time before a pandemic variant emerges. This evolutionary view argues for the refocusing of public health resources on novel respiratory virus surveillance at human–animal interfaces in geographical hotspots for emerging infectious diseases. Where human–animal interface surveillance is not possible, a secondary high-yield, cost-efficient strategy is to conduct novel respiratory virus surveillance among pneumonia patients in these same hotspots. When novel pathogens are discovered, they must be quickly assessed for their human risk and, if indicated, mitigation strategies initiated. In this review, we discuss the most common respiratory virus threats, current efforts at early emerging pathogen detection, and propose and defend new molecular pathogen discovery strategies with the goal of preempting future pandemics.

ACS Style

Gregory Gray; Emily Robie; Caleb Studstill; Charles Nunn. Mitigating Future Respiratory Virus Pandemics: New Threats and Approaches to Consider. Viruses 2021, 13, 637 .

AMA Style

Gregory Gray, Emily Robie, Caleb Studstill, Charles Nunn. Mitigating Future Respiratory Virus Pandemics: New Threats and Approaches to Consider. Viruses. 2021; 13 (4):637.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gregory Gray; Emily Robie; Caleb Studstill; Charles Nunn. 2021. "Mitigating Future Respiratory Virus Pandemics: New Threats and Approaches to Consider." Viruses 13, no. 4: 637.

Journal article
Published: 26 March 2021 in Annals of Global Health
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Multidisciplinary and multisectoral approaches such as One Health and related concepts (e.g., Planetary Health, EcoHealth) offer opportunities for synergistic expertise to address complex health threats. The connections between humans, animals, and the environment necessitate collaboration among sectors to comprehensively understand and reduce risks and consequences on health and wellbeing. One Health approaches are increasingly emphasized for national and international plans and strategies related to zoonotic diseases, food safety, antimicrobial resistance, and climate change, but to date, the possible applications in clinical practice and benefits impacting human health are largely missing. In 2018 the “Application of the One Health Approach to Global Health Centers” conference held at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine convened experts involved in One Health policy and practice. The conference examined issues relevant to One Health approaches, sharing examples of challenges and successes to guide application to medical school curricula and clinical practice for human health. This paper presents a synthesis of conference proceedings, framed around objectives identified from presentations and audience feedback. The following objectives provide opportunities for One Health involvement and benefits for medical schools and global health centers by: 1) Improving One Health resource sharing in global health and medical education; 2) Creating pathways for information flow in clinical medicine and global health practice; 3) Developing innovative partnerships for improved health sector outcomes; and 4) Informing and empowering health through public outreach. These objectives can leverage existing resources to deliver value to additional settings and stakeholders through resource efficiency, more holistic and effective service delivery, and greater ability to manage determinants of poor health status. We encourage medical and global health educators, practitioners, and students to explore entry points where One Health can add value to their work from local to global scale.

ACS Style

Catherine Machalaba; Jill Raufman; Assaf Anyamba; Amanda M. Berrian; Franck C. J. Berthe; Gregory C. Gray; Olga Jonas; William B. Karesh; Michelle H. Larsen; Ramanan Laxminarayan; Lawrence C. Madoff; Keith Martin; Jonna A. K. Mazet; Elizabeth Mumford; Tina Parker; Lilian Pintea; Melinda K. Rostal; Rafael Ruiz de Castañeda; Neil M. Vora; Chadia Wannous; Louis M. Weiss. Applying a One Health Approach in Global Health and Medicine: Enhancing Involvement of Medical Schools and Global Health Centers. Annals of Global Health 2021, 87, 1 .

AMA Style

Catherine Machalaba, Jill Raufman, Assaf Anyamba, Amanda M. Berrian, Franck C. J. Berthe, Gregory C. Gray, Olga Jonas, William B. Karesh, Michelle H. Larsen, Ramanan Laxminarayan, Lawrence C. Madoff, Keith Martin, Jonna A. K. Mazet, Elizabeth Mumford, Tina Parker, Lilian Pintea, Melinda K. Rostal, Rafael Ruiz de Castañeda, Neil M. Vora, Chadia Wannous, Louis M. Weiss. Applying a One Health Approach in Global Health and Medicine: Enhancing Involvement of Medical Schools and Global Health Centers. Annals of Global Health. 2021; 87 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Catherine Machalaba; Jill Raufman; Assaf Anyamba; Amanda M. Berrian; Franck C. J. Berthe; Gregory C. Gray; Olga Jonas; William B. Karesh; Michelle H. Larsen; Ramanan Laxminarayan; Lawrence C. Madoff; Keith Martin; Jonna A. K. Mazet; Elizabeth Mumford; Tina Parker; Lilian Pintea; Melinda K. Rostal; Rafael Ruiz de Castañeda; Neil M. Vora; Chadia Wannous; Louis M. Weiss. 2021. "Applying a One Health Approach in Global Health and Medicine: Enhancing Involvement of Medical Schools and Global Health Centers." Annals of Global Health 87, no. 1: 1.

Accepted manuscript
Published: 12 February 2021 in Open Forum Infectious Diseases
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In this paper, we review recent human respiratory virus epidemics, their zoonotic nature, and our current inability to identify future prepandemic threats. We propose a cost-efficient, One Health surveillance strategy that will be more efficient and more sustainable than previous efforts.

ACS Style

Gregory C Gray; Anfal Abdelgadir. While We Endure This Pandemic, What New Respiratory Virus Threats Are We Missing? Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2021, 8, ofab078 .

AMA Style

Gregory C Gray, Anfal Abdelgadir. While We Endure This Pandemic, What New Respiratory Virus Threats Are We Missing? Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2021; 8 (3):ofab078.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gregory C Gray; Anfal Abdelgadir. 2021. "While We Endure This Pandemic, What New Respiratory Virus Threats Are We Missing?" Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, no. 3: ofab078.

Invited commentary
Published: 01 February 2021 in JAMA Network Open
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ACS Style

Gregory C. Gray. Controlling COVID-19 Spread in a Confined, High-Risk Population. JAMA Network Open 2021, 4, e210234 -e210234.

AMA Style

Gregory C. Gray. Controlling COVID-19 Spread in a Confined, High-Risk Population. JAMA Network Open. 2021; 4 (2):e210234-e210234.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gregory C. Gray. 2021. "Controlling COVID-19 Spread in a Confined, High-Risk Population." JAMA Network Open 4, no. 2: e210234-e210234.

Letter to the editor
Published: 21 September 2020 in Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
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ACS Style

Amanda S. Farrell; Vuong N. Bui; Tung D. Dao; Trung D. Hoang; Gregory C. Gray. No influenza D virus detected among pigs, northern Vietnam. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 2020, 15, 315 -317.

AMA Style

Amanda S. Farrell, Vuong N. Bui, Tung D. Dao, Trung D. Hoang, Gregory C. Gray. No influenza D virus detected among pigs, northern Vietnam. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. 2020; 15 (2):315-317.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amanda S. Farrell; Vuong N. Bui; Tung D. Dao; Trung D. Hoang; Gregory C. Gray. 2020. "No influenza D virus detected among pigs, northern Vietnam." Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 15, no. 2: 315-317.

Major article
Published: 09 September 2020
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ACS Style

Raquel A Binder; Natalie A Alarja; Emily R Robie; Kara E Kochek; Leshan Xiu; Lucas Rocha-Melogno; Anfal Abdelgadir; Sumana V Goli; Amanda S Farrell; Kristen K Coleman; Abigail L Turner; Cassandra C Lautredou; John A Lednicky; Mark J Lee; Christopher R Polage; Ryan A Simmons; Marc A Deshusses; Benjamin D Anderson; Gregory C Gray. Environmental and Aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 Among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Raquel A Binder, Natalie A Alarja, Emily R Robie, Kara E Kochek, Leshan Xiu, Lucas Rocha-Melogno, Anfal Abdelgadir, Sumana V Goli, Amanda S Farrell, Kristen K Coleman, Abigail L Turner, Cassandra C Lautredou, John A Lednicky, Mark J Lee, Christopher R Polage, Ryan A Simmons, Marc A Deshusses, Benjamin D Anderson, Gregory C Gray. Environmental and Aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 Among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raquel A Binder; Natalie A Alarja; Emily R Robie; Kara E Kochek; Leshan Xiu; Lucas Rocha-Melogno; Anfal Abdelgadir; Sumana V Goli; Amanda S Farrell; Kristen K Coleman; Abigail L Turner; Cassandra C Lautredou; John A Lednicky; Mark J Lee; Christopher R Polage; Ryan A Simmons; Marc A Deshusses; Benjamin D Anderson; Gregory C Gray. 2020. "Environmental and Aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 Among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 09 September 2020 in The Journal of Infectious Diseases
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During April and May 2020, we studied 20 patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), their hospital rooms (fomites and aerosols), and their close contacts for molecular and culture evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Among >400 samples, we found molecular evidence of virus in most sample types, especially the nasopharyngeal (NP), saliva, and fecal samples, but the prevalence of molecular positivity among fomites and aerosols was low. The agreement between NP swab and saliva positivity was high (89.5%; κ = 0.79). Two NP swabs collected from patients on days 1 and 7 post–symptom onset had evidence of infectious virus (2 passages over 14 days in Vero E6 cells). In summary, the low molecular prevalence and lack of viable SARS-CoV-2 virus in fomites and air samples implied low nosocomial risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through inanimate objects or aerosols.

ACS Style

Raquel A Binder; Natalie A Alarja; Emily R Robie; Kara E Kochek; Leshan Xiu; Lucas Rocha-Melogno; Anfal Abdelgadir; Sumana V Goli; Amanda Stephanie Farrell; Kristen K Coleman; Abigail L Turner; Cassandra C Lautredou; John A Lednicky; Mark J Lee; Christopher R Polage; Ryan A Simmons; Marc A Deshusses; Benjamin D Anderson; Gregory C Gray. Environmental and Aerosolized Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Among Hospitalized Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020, 222, 1798 -1806.

AMA Style

Raquel A Binder, Natalie A Alarja, Emily R Robie, Kara E Kochek, Leshan Xiu, Lucas Rocha-Melogno, Anfal Abdelgadir, Sumana V Goli, Amanda Stephanie Farrell, Kristen K Coleman, Abigail L Turner, Cassandra C Lautredou, John A Lednicky, Mark J Lee, Christopher R Polage, Ryan A Simmons, Marc A Deshusses, Benjamin D Anderson, Gregory C Gray. Environmental and Aerosolized Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Among Hospitalized Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020; 222 (11):1798-1806.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raquel A Binder; Natalie A Alarja; Emily R Robie; Kara E Kochek; Leshan Xiu; Lucas Rocha-Melogno; Anfal Abdelgadir; Sumana V Goli; Amanda Stephanie Farrell; Kristen K Coleman; Abigail L Turner; Cassandra C Lautredou; John A Lednicky; Mark J Lee; Christopher R Polage; Ryan A Simmons; Marc A Deshusses; Benjamin D Anderson; Gregory C Gray. 2020. "Environmental and Aerosolized Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Among Hospitalized Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients." The Journal of Infectious Diseases 222, no. 11: 1798-1806.

Journal article
Published: 12 August 2020 in Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines
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Background In a year-long pneumonia etiology study conducted June 2017 to May 2018 in Sarawak, Malaysia, 599 patients’ nasopharyngeal swab specimens were studied with real-time polymerase chain reaction (rPCR)/ reverse-transcription (rRT-PCR) assays for respiratory pathogens known to contribute to the high burden of lower respiratory tract infections. The study team sought to compare real-time assay results with panspecies conventional molecular diagnostics to compare sensitivities and learn if novel viruses had been missed. Methods Specimens were studied for evidence of adenovirus (AdV), enterovirus (EV) and coronavirus (CoV) with panspecies gel-based nested PCR/RT-PCR assays. Gene sequences of specimens positive by panspecies assays were sequenced and studied with the NCBI Basic Local Alignment Search Tool software. Results There was considerable discordance between real-time and conventional molecular methods. The real-time AdV assay found a positivity of 10.4%; however, the AdV panspecies assay detected a positivity of 12.4% and the conventional AdV-Hexon assay detected a positivity of 19.6%. The CoV and EV panspecies assays similarly detected more positive specimens than the real-time assays, with a positivity of 7.8% by the CoV panspecies assay versus 4.2% by rRT-PCR, and 8.0% by the EV panspecies assay versus 1.0% by rRT-PCR. We were not able to ascertain virus viability in this setting. While most discordance was likely due to assay sensitivity for previously described human viruses, two novel, possible zoonotic AdV were detected. Conclusions The observed differences in the two modes of amplification suggest that where a problem with sensitivity is suspected, real-time assay results might be supplemented with panspecies conventional PCR/RT-PCR assays.

ACS Style

Jane Fieldhouse; Emily S. Bailey; Teck-Hock Toh; King-Ching Hii; Kerry A. Mallinson; Jakie Ting; John A. Lednicky; Antoinette Berita; Tham Thi Nguyen; Diego Galan; Son T. Than; See-Chang Wong; Toh-Mee Wong; Patrick J. Blair; Gregory C. Gray. Panspecies molecular assays detect viral pathogens missed by real-time PCR/reverse-transcriptase PCR among pneumonia patients, Sarawak, Malaysia. Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines 2020, 6, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Jane Fieldhouse, Emily S. Bailey, Teck-Hock Toh, King-Ching Hii, Kerry A. Mallinson, Jakie Ting, John A. Lednicky, Antoinette Berita, Tham Thi Nguyen, Diego Galan, Son T. Than, See-Chang Wong, Toh-Mee Wong, Patrick J. Blair, Gregory C. Gray. Panspecies molecular assays detect viral pathogens missed by real-time PCR/reverse-transcriptase PCR among pneumonia patients, Sarawak, Malaysia. Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines. 2020; 6 (1):1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jane Fieldhouse; Emily S. Bailey; Teck-Hock Toh; King-Ching Hii; Kerry A. Mallinson; Jakie Ting; John A. Lednicky; Antoinette Berita; Tham Thi Nguyen; Diego Galan; Son T. Than; See-Chang Wong; Toh-Mee Wong; Patrick J. Blair; Gregory C. Gray. 2020. "Panspecies molecular assays detect viral pathogens missed by real-time PCR/reverse-transcriptase PCR among pneumonia patients, Sarawak, Malaysia." Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines 6, no. 1: 1-8.

Original article
Published: 14 June 2020 in Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
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Disease outbreaks can readily threaten swine production operations sometimes resulting in large economic losses. Pathogen surveillance in swine farms can be an effective approach for the early identification of new disease threats and the mitigation of transmission before broad dissemination among a herd occurs. Non‐invasive environmental bioaerosol sampling could be an effective and affordable approach for conducting routine surveillance in farms, providing an additional tool for farmers to protect their animals and themselves from new disease threats. In this pilot study, we implemented a non‐invasive, prospective bioaerosol sampling strategy in a swine farm located in the United States to detect economically important swine pathogens. Farm personnel collected air samples from two swine barns for 23 weeks between July and December 2017. Samples were then tested within 24 hr of collection by molecular techniques for a number of economically important swine pathogens. Of the 86 bioaerosol samples collected, 4 (4.7%) were positive for influenza A, 1 (1.2%) was positive for influenza D, 13 (15.1%) were positive for PCV2, and 13 (15.1%) were positive for PCV3. Overall, this pilot study showed that our bioaerosol surveillance strategy was feasible and able to generate data that could be quickly disseminated back to the farm stakeholders (within 24 hr). We were also able to identify PCV2, PCV3 and influenza A virus in air samples as clinical disease became apparent in the pigs, strongly suggesting that bioaerosol sampling can be used as an effective non‐invasive surveillance approach for the detection of multiple pathogens in this and likely other animal production environments.

ACS Style

Benjamin D. Anderson; Myagmarsukh Yondon; Emily S. Bailey; Ege Kaan Duman; Ryan A. Simmons; Annette G. Greer; Gregory C. Gray. Environmental bioaerosol surveillance as an early warning system for pathogen detection in North Carolina swine farms: A pilot study. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2020, 68, 361 -367.

AMA Style

Benjamin D. Anderson, Myagmarsukh Yondon, Emily S. Bailey, Ege Kaan Duman, Ryan A. Simmons, Annette G. Greer, Gregory C. Gray. Environmental bioaerosol surveillance as an early warning system for pathogen detection in North Carolina swine farms: A pilot study. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2020; 68 (2):361-367.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Benjamin D. Anderson; Myagmarsukh Yondon; Emily S. Bailey; Ege Kaan Duman; Ryan A. Simmons; Annette G. Greer; Gregory C. Gray. 2020. "Environmental bioaerosol surveillance as an early warning system for pathogen detection in North Carolina swine farms: A pilot study." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 68, no. 2: 361-367.

Journal article
Published: 29 May 2020 in Nature Communications
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Understanding the particle size distribution in the air and patterns of environmental contamination of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for infection prevention policies. Here we screen surface and air samples from hospital rooms of COVID-19 patients for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Environmental sampling is conducted in three airborne infection isolation rooms (AIIRs) in the ICU and 27 AIIRs in the general ward. 245 surface samples are collected. 56.7% of rooms have at least one environmental surface contaminated. High touch surface contamination is shown in ten (66.7%) out of 15 patients in the first week of illness, and three (20%) beyond the first week of illness (p = 0.01, χ2 test). Air sampling is performed in three of the 27 AIIRs in the general ward, and detects SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive particles of sizes >4 µm and 1–4 µm in two rooms, despite these rooms having 12 air changes per hour. This warrants further study of the airborne transmission potential of SARS-CoV-2.

ACS Style

Po Ying Chia; for the Singapore 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak Research Team; Kristen Kelli Coleman; Yian Kim Tan; Sean Wei Xiang Ong; Marcus Gum; Sok Kiang Lau; Xiao Fang Lim; Ai Sim Lim; Stephanie Sutjipto; Pei Hua Lee; Than The Son; Barnaby Edward Young; Donald K. Milton; Gregory C. Gray; Stephan Schuster; Timothy Barkham; Partha Pratim De; Shawn Vasoo; Monica Chan; Brenda Sze Peng Ang; Boon Huan Tan; Yee-Sin Leo; Oon-Tek Ng; Michelle Su Yen Wong; Kalisvar Marimuthu. Detection of air and surface contamination by SARS-CoV-2 in hospital rooms of infected patients. Nature Communications 2020, 11, 2800 .

AMA Style

Po Ying Chia, for the Singapore 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak Research Team, Kristen Kelli Coleman, Yian Kim Tan, Sean Wei Xiang Ong, Marcus Gum, Sok Kiang Lau, Xiao Fang Lim, Ai Sim Lim, Stephanie Sutjipto, Pei Hua Lee, Than The Son, Barnaby Edward Young, Donald K. Milton, Gregory C. Gray, Stephan Schuster, Timothy Barkham, Partha Pratim De, Shawn Vasoo, Monica Chan, Brenda Sze Peng Ang, Boon Huan Tan, Yee-Sin Leo, Oon-Tek Ng, Michelle Su Yen Wong, Kalisvar Marimuthu. Detection of air and surface contamination by SARS-CoV-2 in hospital rooms of infected patients. Nature Communications. 2020; 11 (1):2800.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Po Ying Chia; for the Singapore 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak Research Team; Kristen Kelli Coleman; Yian Kim Tan; Sean Wei Xiang Ong; Marcus Gum; Sok Kiang Lau; Xiao Fang Lim; Ai Sim Lim; Stephanie Sutjipto; Pei Hua Lee; Than The Son; Barnaby Edward Young; Donald K. Milton; Gregory C. Gray; Stephan Schuster; Timothy Barkham; Partha Pratim De; Shawn Vasoo; Monica Chan; Brenda Sze Peng Ang; Boon Huan Tan; Yee-Sin Leo; Oon-Tek Ng; Michelle Su Yen Wong; Kalisvar Marimuthu. 2020. "Detection of air and surface contamination by SARS-CoV-2 in hospital rooms of infected patients." Nature Communications 11, no. 1: 2800.

Research article
Published: 12 May 2020 in PLOS ONE
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Severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) is a major cause of death and morbidity in low- and middle-income countries, however, the etiologic agents are often undetermined due to the lack of molecular diagnostics in hospitals and clinics. To examine evidence for select viral infections among patients with SARI in northern Vietnam, we studied 348 nasopharyngeal samples from military and civilian patients admitted to 4 hospitals in the greater Hanoi area from 2017–2019. Initial screening for human respiratory viral pathogens was performed in Hanoi, Vietnam at the National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE) or the Military Institute of Preventative Medicine (MIPM), and an aliquot was shipped to Duke-NUS Medical School in Singapore for validation. Patient demographics were recorded and used to epidemiologically describe the infections. Among military and civilian cases of SARI, 184 (52.9%) tested positive for one or more respiratory viruses. Influenza A virus was the most prevalent virus detected (64.7%), followed by influenza B virus (29.3%), enterovirus (3.8%), adenovirus (1.1%), and coronavirus (1.1%). Risk factor analyses demonstrated an increased risk of influenza A virus detection among military hospital patients (adjusted OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2–3.2), and an increased risk of influenza B virus detection among patients enrolled in year 2017 (adjusted OR, 7.9; 95% CI, 2.7–22.9). As influenza A and B viruses were commonly associated with SARI and are treatable, SARI patients entering these hospitals would benefit if the hospitals were able to adapt onsite molecular diagnostics.

ACS Style

Yen H. Le; Khanh C. Nguyen; Kristen K. Coleman; Tham T. Nguyen; Son T. Than; Hai H. Phan; Manh D. Nguyen; Nghia D. Ngu; Dan T. Phan; Phuong V. M. Hoang; Long P. Trieu; Emily S. Bailey; Tyler E. Warkentien; Gregory C. Gray. Virus detections among patients with severe acute respiratory illness, Northern Vietnam. PLOS ONE 2020, 15, e0233117 .

AMA Style

Yen H. Le, Khanh C. Nguyen, Kristen K. Coleman, Tham T. Nguyen, Son T. Than, Hai H. Phan, Manh D. Nguyen, Nghia D. Ngu, Dan T. Phan, Phuong V. M. Hoang, Long P. Trieu, Emily S. Bailey, Tyler E. Warkentien, Gregory C. Gray. Virus detections among patients with severe acute respiratory illness, Northern Vietnam. PLOS ONE. 2020; 15 (5):e0233117.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yen H. Le; Khanh C. Nguyen; Kristen K. Coleman; Tham T. Nguyen; Son T. Than; Hai H. Phan; Manh D. Nguyen; Nghia D. Ngu; Dan T. Phan; Phuong V. M. Hoang; Long P. Trieu; Emily S. Bailey; Tyler E. Warkentien; Gregory C. Gray. 2020. "Virus detections among patients with severe acute respiratory illness, Northern Vietnam." PLOS ONE 15, no. 5: e0233117.