The global COVID-19 pandemic situation has shown the vulnerability of the population. Spain has been one of the most affected countries, given the health, social and economic repercussions. Being resilient and having the ability to adapt allows one to positively face the pandemic. In this essay, a quantitative study was conducted using a social media survey. In total, 3342 respondents participated in this survey. A number of resilience-related variables are analysed using a linear regression model. Furthermore, the potential inclusion of resilience as a transversal skill that can be used at the individual, family and community levels is also discussed.

El SARS-CoV-2 (en adelante, COVID-19) ha generado un impacto sin precedentes en la sociedad española a nivel sanitario y social. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar en qué medida factores sanitarios, sociales y psicológicos se relacionan con resiliencia durante la pandemia en la población española. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo y cross sectional y se aplicó un cuestionario creado ad hoc de 43 preguntas cerradas en formato online, a una muestra de 3.436 personas residentes en España durante la segunda prórroga del Estado de Alarma. Se ajustó un modelo lineal mixto con intersección aleatoria, estimado bajo un enfoque bayesiano. Los resultados muestran asociaciones positivas entre resiliencia y presentar sintomatología de COVID-19 (principalmente en hombres), así como haber sufrido fallecimientos en sus entornos. Asimismo, se obtienen relaciones negativas entre resiliencia y enfermedad previa diagnosticada, experimentar malestar emocional y estar desempleado a consecuencia de la actual pandemia, siendo este último efecto relevante principalmente entre los hombres. El factor género no influyó en la resiliencia, excepto en los casos señalados. El estudio permite concluir que identificar factores de riesgo sanitarios, sociales y psicológicos que inciden en la vulnerabilidad poblacional deben ser considerados en la planificación de políticas para afrontar la crisis actual. SARS-CoV-2 (hereinafter, COVID-19) has generated an unprecedented impact on Spanish society at a health and social level. The objective of this study is to analyze to what extent health, social and psychological factors are related to resilience during the pandemic in the Spanish population. A quantitative and cross-sectional study was carried out and an ad hoc questionnaire of 43 closed questions was applied in online format, to a sample of 3,436 people residing in Spain during the second extension of the State of Alarm. A mixed linear model with random intersection was fitted, estimated under a Bayesian approach. The results show positive associations between resilience and presenting symptoms of COVID-19 (mainly in men), as well as having suffered deaths in their surroundings. Likewise, negative relationships are obtained between resilience and a previously diagnosed disease, experiencing emotional distress and being unemployed as a result of the current pandemic, the latter effect being relevant mainly among men. The gender factor did not influence resilience, except in the cases indicated. The study allows us to conclude that identifying health, social and psychological risk factors that affect population vulnerability should be considered in planning policies to face the current crisis.  Keywords: Resilience; public health; vulnerability; emotional well-being; SAVD-19 coronavirus.

The teaching–learning model implemented in Spanish universities as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic has generated a scenario of academic uncertainty amongst Spanish students. In the case of the Social Work degree, this apprehension appears to be linked to the heavy emotional load related to the theoretical–practical curricular contents of the degree. In this sense, the Freshman Stress Questionnaire (FSQ) has presented adequate levels of reliability and validity for its use on a population of Spanish university students; however, there is as yet no psychometric studies for its use on social work students. This study sought to analyse the psychometric properties of the FSQ using a sample of social work students. The sample comprised 732 students at three Spanish universities doing a social work degree (88.3 per cent women, 11.7 per cent men) with an average age of 21.51 years (standard deviation (SD) = 3.58). The results obtained from the exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the FSQ maintained the structure of four correlated factors and suitable reliability values for each dimension. The results of the factor invariance analysis indicate that the FSQ remains stable up to the level of metric invariance for the variable age. Results are discussed with available theory.

Los espacios universitarios se caracterizan por elevados niveles de estrés académico derivado de variables personales y académicas. El afrontamiento, por tanto, emerge como cuestión medular en las experiencias universitarias del alumnado por sus consecuencias tanto en su satisfacción académica, como en su bienestar psicosocial. Por ello, el objetivo del estudio fue identificar perfiles de estrategias de afrontamiento del alumnado universitario complutense en relación con variables personales y académicas. La muestra está conformada por 2835 estudiantes (71.1% mujeres, 28.9 % hombres), con edad media de 21.8 años (DT= 2.97), pertenecientes a los tres ciclos de las diferentes titulaciones impartidas en la UCM. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de una modelización de clases latentes multinivel evidencian que el modelo de tres clústeres de estudiantes resulta ser el más parsimonioso y con mejor ajuste. Los perfiles de afrontamiento son construidos sobre cuatro indicadores que corresponden a las puntuaciones estandarizadas de estrategias de afrontamiento: manejo adecuado centrado en el problema (Wald=27.083, p < .001), manejo adecuado centrado en la emoción (Wald =25.823, p < .001), manejo inadecuado centrado en la emoción (Wald= 133.691, p < .001) y manejo inadecuado centrado en el problema (Wald= 134.628, p < .001). Las covariables que asocian significativamente con los perfiles identificados son: a nivel personal, género y conflictos que generan mayor malestar en el ámbito universitario, y a nivel académico, curso, área de conocimiento y satisfacción académica. Los resultados muestran elevados porcentajes de alumnado que utiliza estrategias inadecuadas para afrontar situaciones de estrés y cómo las covariables asocian con dichas estrategias. Ello, evidencia, por sus consecuencias en el bienestar psicosocial del alumnado, la necesidad de incidir desde políticas universitarias en actuaciones encaminadas tanto a aprendizajes y experiencias de estrategias adecuadas de afrontamiento ante situaciones estresantes, como en la identificación de variables que interseccionalmente podrían promover su desarrollo.

The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of experiences of violence and discrimination on mental health among people in situations of homelessness (PSH). For this purpose, a quantitative, descriptive, and correlational investigation was conducted by conducting a survey with 603 PSH living in the Community of Madrid (Spain). The results show high levels of mental health impairment, as well as approximately half of the participants having experienced discrimination and violence in the course of their homelessness. Perceived experiences of discrimination are associated with higher levels of mental health impairment (OR = 0.458; p = < 0.001; 95% IC 0.31–0.68). This deterioration is also related to a negative self-assessment of the general state of health among participants (OR = 0.262; p = < 0.001; 95% IC 0.12–0.57). However, impaired mental health is not associated with experiences of violence. The findings also indicate that there are intersections in terms of being female, young, and foreign that result in greater psychological impairment and a higher risk of experiencing violence and discrimination. This study provides an insight into the PSH experiences in relation to mental health, violence, and discrimination and the need to implement actions aimed at improving their psychosocial wellbeing from the perspective of respect for citizens’ rights.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) crisis has had an unprecedented impact on Spanish society regarding health and social issues. The purpose of this study is to analyse the potential relationship that may exist between social and personal factors and the levels of psychological distress experienced by the Spanish population during lockdown. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted using an ad hoc online questionnaire consisting of forty-three questions. The survey was administered to a sample of 3,436 people that were living in Spain during the second extension of the State of Alarm. A linear mixed model with random intersection has been used. Our findings demonstrate the intersectional vulnerability of young women and the impact different factors such as a COVID-19 diagnosis, experiencing symptoms compatible with COVID, an existing disability, a previous illness or solitary confinement may have on psychological distress levels. Conversely, higher resilience levels have shown a correlation with lower psychological distress levels.