The goal of this research is to develop a functional textile with better mechanical properties. Therefore, nano ZnO is synthesized, characterized, and applied to cotton fabric by mechanical thermo-fixation techniques. The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by SEM and XRD analysis. The ZnO nanoparticle alone, ZnO nanoparticle with a binder, and ZnO with a binder and wax emulsion are then applied on cotton woven fabrics using three different recipes. The surface morphology of the treated fabric is studied using SEM and EDS. Antimicrobial activity, UV protection property, and crease resistance are all tested for their functional characteristics. In addition, all vital mechanical characteristics are assessed. The results suggest that using only nano ZnO or nano ZnO with a binder enhances functional features while deteriorating mechanical capabilities. Nano ZnO treatment with the third recipe, which includes the addition of an emulsion, on the other hand, significantly enhances mechanical and functional characteristics. Consequently, this study provides information to optimize the confidence of textile researchers and producers in using nano ZnO and understanding its features in key functional fabrics.

Since the Wright Brothers’ first flight in 1903, extensive research has been dedicated to improving the aerodynamic performance of aircraft. This study investigates the effect of two distinct wing geometric modifications on airfoil performance at high angles of attack (AOAs). These two modifications are slot, specifically the NACA 4412 with only a slot, and groove, specifically the NACA 4412 with both a slot and a groove. The investigation combines numerical simulation using ANSYS fluent with experimental evaluations conducted in the VDAS AF1300 subsonic wind tunnel. Since turbulent airflow often results in early stall, the primary objective of this research is to delay the stall angle of the normal NACA 4412 airfoil by mitigating local separation zones, and boundary layer transitions. Numerical simulations are performed at airspeeds of 20 m/s and 43.9 m/s, while experimental investigations are conducted at a speed of 20 m/s. The results indicate that both modified airfoils have higher lift-to-drag ratio than the normal airfoil at high AOAs. Specifically, the NACA 4412 airfoil with only a slot demonstrates the highest lift-to-drag ratio among the modified airfoils at high AOAs. Moreover, the NACA 4412 airfoil equipped with a slot and a groove demonstrates the highest stall angle, measured at 18°, compared to the normal NACA 4412 airfoil with a stall angle of 14°. At high AOA, the NACA 4412 airfoil with a slot generates a nearly 35 % higher lift coefficient than the normal NACA 4412 airfoil, while the NACA 4412 with a slot and a groove achieves almost a 16 % higher lift coefficient than the normal NACA 4412 airfoil.

This study aims to produce high-quality functional cotton fabric through the deposition of nano TiO₂. Here nanoparticles are deposited by the pad-dry-cure method with different recipes formulated using an acrylic binder and wax emulsifier together with TiO₂ nanoparticles to observe the optimal effect on the final quality. The treated fabric is characterized by SEM, EDS, XRD, and FTIR. To analyze the results, the antimicrobial properties, UV protection, and crease resistance are measured as functional properties. Furthermore, tensile and tearing strength, frictional resistance, bending length, abrasion resistance, and pilling are determined as mechanical properties. The results confirm that the binder significantly affects on nano deposition and improves the mentioned functional characteristics. However, the deposition of nano TiO₂ has deteriorated cotton's mechanical properties, and that degradation is intensified by the use of binder. This degradation problem is overcome by using the emulsifier as an auxiliary since the recipe having an emulsifier improves all the mechanical qualities of nano-treated cotton fabric. Particularly, the sample containing a binder and an emulsifier (Nano TiO₂-3) ensures up to 97 % UV-ray blockage, 93 % antibacterial activity, and 9 % increase in tensile strength.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have emerged as a viable method for bioremediation of toxic metals while also producing energy. In this paper, we examine the issue of organic substrate as a source of metabolism for microbe growth in MFC, as well as its significance for metal ion degradation in tandem with energy production. This study focused on the use of commercial sugar as an organic substrate in a single-chamber MFC. The MFC was operated for 27days, with the highest voltage of 150mV achieved on day 12, and toxic metal bioremediation efficiencies of 89, 76.45, and 89.45 for Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Hg²⁺, respectively. Every 24hours, the organic substrate (sugar solution) was fed into the cell. This studys mechanism of metal ion degradation and electron transport is also thoroughly described. In addition, some future views have been highlighted.

Swirl flow is of great stature in heat transfer enhancement and in numerous engineering applications. In the present numerical study, the swirl flow of water in a circular pipe is considered. Here the Reynolds Number is kept within 2000. The pipe contains stationary blades to produce the swirl flow. The blades are considered heat resistant. The three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible Newtonian fluid flow are used. The code is corroborated by comparing the simulation results with the established Hagen-Poiseuille law. The comparison is quite satisfactory and thus the code is used for present investigation. In this study, the heat transfer performance of the swirl flow is evaluated. Two cases are considered on the outer surface of the pipe: (i) Constant heat flux and (ii) Constant temperature. This investigation reveals that the swirl flow increases the mean outlet temperature in both cases. The effects of the vane angle, pipe length and diameter on heat transfer characteristics are also evaluated.