Previously conducted studies have established that deep underground rock masses have complex pore structures and face complex geological conditions. Therefore, the seepage problem of such rock masses seriously affects engineering safety. To better explore the seepage law of deep rock masses and ensure engineering safety, indoor experimental methods such as casting thin sections, scanning electron microscopy, and mercury intrusion testing were utilized in this study. The microscopic pore shape, size, distribution, and other structural characteristics of sandstone in coal bearing strata were analyzed. The tortuosity calculation formula was obtained by the theoretical derivation method. And a numerical model was established for seepage numerical simulation research through microscopic digital image methods. The seepage law of surrounding rocks in the Tangkou Coal Mine roadway under different conditions is discussed. The research results indicate that the complexity of the pore structure in porous media leads to an uneven distribution of flow velocity and pressure within the medium. Meanwhile, with the change of physical properties, the fluid flow characteristics also undergo significant changes. The research results can effectively guide micropore water blocking, reduce the impact of groundwater on the environment, ensure the environment and safety of the project, and provide guidance for other geological projects.

The mechanical behaviors of rock masses are significantly affected by the distribution and shape of the holes in it. In this research, the fracture mechanism and the shear properties of rock masses containing holes were investigated by the cohesive zone model (CZM) method. At first, a uniaxial compression laboratory test was carried out, and some mechanical parameters were obtained, and then the obtained mechanical parameters were used to build a mathematical model with zero-thickness elements. Subsequently, the numerical shear test was performed under a mixed-mode test, using the obtained mechanical parameters. Finally, the mechanical characteristics and crack behaviors were discussed separately. The results exhibit that the shear process in this research could be determined and identified as the elastic, strengthening, plastic, and residual stress stages, respectively. Note that the shear rate and normal stress of rock masses containing holes are significantly and positively correlated with their shear strength and dilatancy. In addition, the cracking behavior and mechanical properties of the specimens are closely related to the shear rate and normal stress. Overall, the results of this study have great significance in guiding future, in-depth research of rock masses containing holes in rock slopes.

After the repeated freezing and dissolution of fractured rock masses in cold regions, the liquid present in the pores undergoes a water–ice phase transition, resulting in frost heave forces and damage to the internal structure of the rock mass. This causes the rock masses to continuously develop new cracks, which further expand and connect, leading to rock mass failure and ultimately reducing the overall stability of the rock mass in engineering projects. In this study, uniaxial compression tests, direct shear tests, and Brazilian splitting tests were conducted on rock after freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs), and the changes in the physical and mechanical properties of the rock under freeze–thaw conditions were obtained (this study used raw rock from an engineering project and processed it into symmetrical jointed rock samples). The roughness of the shear fracture surfaces was analyzed through 3D cross-sectional scanning experiments. Using statistical damage theory, the mechanism of freeze–thaw damage was analyzed, and a constitutive model for freeze–thaw rock damage was established. The research results can provide a theoretical basis and support for engineering safety and stability in cold regions.

Most of the existing research on cement slurry materials are not environmentally friendly and environmental pollution is significant. Most researchers only test its performance, but do not conduct engineering feasibility verification. In this study, the materials extracted from various wastes were used to replace part of the sulfoaluminate cement, and orthogonal experiments were designed to analyze the reaction mechanism between different materials. Finally, the optimal mixing ratio was obtained. Then, through the regression equation analysis method, digital photograph restoration technology, the finite element method and various practical engineering conditions, the feasibility of the slurry under different applicable engineering conditions was compared and analyzed. The comparison between the experimental and numerical simulation results shows that the cement slurry obtained in this study has good reliability and feasibility. It can carry out rapid grouting reinforcement. The results of this study not only provide a feasible and environmentally friendly cement slurry for a wide range of construction projects, but also provide an effective method for the treatment of various wastes.

With the gradual increase in the total volume of underground commerce in cities, underground commercial spaces are increasingly becoming a key carrier for breaking the constraints of land resources and reconfiguring the relationship between people and land. This paper quantifies and visualizes the layout and scale of underground commercial spaces in the central urban area of Qingdao by using kernel density, multi-distance spatial clustering, and spatial autocorrelation analysis and analyzes the influencing factors by using the geographical detector and MGWR model. The research results show that the underground commercial spaces in the central urban area present a “multi-core–multi-level” layout pattern, and high-density areas are more likely to cluster, with the most significant clustering scale being 3.39 km. Commercial supporting facilities, development of underground space, and population heat value are the core driving factors. The impact of rail transit, centrality, commercial supporting facilities, and development of underground space on the east coast urban area is much greater than that on the west and north urban areas. Finally, corresponding strategies are proposed from the perspectives of business districts, station areas, supply and demand, and planning and management to optimize the development and layout of underground commercial spaces, so as to promote the organic integration of underground commercial spaces and urban spaces.

Waste tire disposal and high-ground-stress soft rock roadway instability are pressing global challenges. This study develops sustainable rubber granule concrete (RGC) using waste tire rubber as a key component, aiming to realize waste valorization and floor heave control. RGC’s mechanical properties (uniaxial/triaxial compression, compressibility, ductility) were systematically tested, and its pressure relief mechanism was validated via finite element analysis (ABAQUS/FLAC) and 60-day field monitoring. Results show that RGC with optimal parameters (12% rubber content, 3–4 GPa elastic modulus, 250–350 mm thickness) achieves 64% bottom stress reduction and >40% displacement control. The material’s excellent energy absorption and flexibility address the brittleness of conventional concrete, ensuring stable support in high-stress environments. This work provides a sustainable, cost-effective concrete modification strategy, bridging waste recycling and geotechnical engineering, with broad implications for low-intensity, high-toughness material applications.