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The fumigant pesticide methyl bromide (MB) was used for stored products, but it is now banned for most uses in many countries as an ozone-depleting substance. MB was the only pesticide used to manage the ham mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, which is the most significant pest of dry cured hams. Effective alternatives to MB are needed to develop integrated pest management (IPM) programs for this pest. This study evaluated plant essential oils and food-safe compounds as repellents to directly protect hams from infestation. Experiments to assess the repellency to orientation, oviposition, and population growth of mites on pieces of aged country hams were conducted. Test compounds at different concentrations were dissolved in respective solvents and compared to the solvent control. Results showed that C8910, a mixture of three short-chain fatty acids, and the sesquiterpene ketone nootkatone had repellency indices of (RI) of 85.6% and 82.3%, respectively, at a concentration of 0.1 mg/cm2, when applied to a Petri dish arena. DEET and icaridin were also tested but performed poorly with RIs below 70% even at 0.1 mg/cm2.The monoterpene alcohol geraniol had the highest RI of 96.3% at 0.04 mg/cm2. Ham pieces dipped in C8910 and nootkatone at 150 ppm each had RIs of 89.3% and 82.8%, respectively. In general, as the concentrations of test compounds increased, the numbers of eggs that were laid on these treated ham cubes decreased after the 48 h exposure time. Ham pieces dipped in different concentrations of test compounds and then inoculated with 20 adult mites showed a significant decrease in mite population growth compared to control pieces after 14 days. The results of these experiments suggest that some plant secondary metabolites and synthetic food-safe compounds could serve as potential alternatives for managing mites on hams.
Naomi Manu; Mark Schilling; Thomas Phillips. Natural and Synthetic Repellents for Pest Management of the Storage Mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae). Insects 2021, 12, 711 .
AMA StyleNaomi Manu, Mark Schilling, Thomas Phillips. Natural and Synthetic Repellents for Pest Management of the Storage Mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae). Insects. 2021; 12 (8):711.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNaomi Manu; Mark Schilling; Thomas Phillips. 2021. "Natural and Synthetic Repellents for Pest Management of the Storage Mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae)." Insects 12, no. 8: 711.
Resistance to the fumigant phosphine in stored product insect pests is a global problem. Diagnosis of resistance relies on a bioassay developed by the FAO that involves a mortality assessment after 20-h fumigation of a pest population at a discriminating concentration of gas, followed by a 14-day post fumigation assessment. This bioassay is impractical for monitoring and early detection of phosphine resistance in routine pest management. We utilized the procedure of a commercial resistance detection test kit for rapid detection in field populations of lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). We established a knockdown effect of either susceptible or resistant insects by exposing them to a high concentration of phosphine. We assessed the relationship between adult knockdown times and the FAO method for 18 beetle populations utilizing knockdown criteria for a single beetle in a chamber, or for 50% or 100% knockdown times for groups of beetles, exposed to 3000 ppm of phosphine. We also determined the most effective concentrations that would elicit the quickest knockdown while estimating the recovery times from exposure. Results suggest that a KT100 test was better than the KT50 and the KTsingle tests. Based on the responses of susceptible populations, we established that a KT100 of approximately 18 min can be used as a viable knockdown time to distinguish a susceptible from a resistant populations. Higher concentrations of phosphine significantly elicited a quicker recovery in strongly resistant populations compared to susceptible populations. These findings have potential for developing a robust commercial kit for practical phosphine resistance detection in populations of R. dominica by commercial fumigators, and could be incorporated in a resistance management program.
E. Afful; Aaron Cato; Manoj K. Nayak; Thomas W. Phillips. A rapid assay for the detection of resistance to phosphine in the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 2021, 91, 101776 .
AMA StyleE. Afful, Aaron Cato, Manoj K. Nayak, Thomas W. Phillips. A rapid assay for the detection of resistance to phosphine in the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Journal of Stored Products Research. 2021; 91 ():101776.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE. Afful; Aaron Cato; Manoj K. Nayak; Thomas W. Phillips. 2021. "A rapid assay for the detection of resistance to phosphine in the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)." Journal of Stored Products Research 91, no. : 101776.
This paper reports beetle pests common to flourmills targeted during a series of trapping studies over a two-year period in flourmill 1 and a one year period in flourmill 2. Objectives were (1) use pheromone-baited traps to detect T. castaneum (Herbst) and other pest species present for their distribution over space and time, (2) monitor T. castaneum activity before and after fumigations to assess efficacy of the treatment, and (3) correlate counts of T. castaneum via trap capture against direct T. castaneum counts from samples of the milled flour to assess the value of trap data to estimate relative size of the pest population. Traps were deployed in two different flourmills over two consecutive years. T. castaneum was the most commonly trapped beetle during both years in mill 1. In mill 2, Typhaea stercorea (L.) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) were both captured in higher numbers than T. castaneum. In mill 1, trap capture was higher overall during Year 2 for most of the species compared with capture during Year 1, likely due to a dust cover modification made for the pitfall trap used in Year 2. Trap capture was also evaluated by location within the mills and a significant difference was found in the capture of T. stercorea during both years in mill 1. T. castaneum captures were significantly reduced following most fumigations, which used methyl bromide in milling areas and phosphine in bulk-stored finished flour. However, in most cases trap catches showed that beetle populations were not eliminated. Trap captures after fumigation suggest either that the fumigations were not entirely effective, or that full grown adult beetles were entering the mill soon after fumigation. When captures of T. castaneum from traps in two spaces of mill 1 during Year 2 were compared with counts of beetles from samples of siftings collected in the finished flour, the correlation coefficients were nearly significant for both sets of traps.
Carl Doud; Gerrit Cuperus; Phillip Kenkel; Mark Payton; Thomas Phillips. Trapping Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Other Beetles in Flourmills: Evaluating Fumigation Efficacy and Estimating Population Density. Insects 2021, 12, 144 .
AMA StyleCarl Doud, Gerrit Cuperus, Phillip Kenkel, Mark Payton, Thomas Phillips. Trapping Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Other Beetles in Flourmills: Evaluating Fumigation Efficacy and Estimating Population Density. Insects. 2021; 12 (2):144.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarl Doud; Gerrit Cuperus; Phillip Kenkel; Mark Payton; Thomas Phillips. 2021. "Trapping Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Other Beetles in Flourmills: Evaluating Fumigation Efficacy and Estimating Population Density." Insects 12, no. 2: 144.
Sulfuryl fluoride (SF) has been registered in many countries for stored product applications as an alternative to other fumigants, especially methyl bromide (MB). Research was conducted to establish SF fumigation protocols for the mortality of pests infesting post-harvest durable commodities. The efficacy of SF against two major arthropod pests of southern dry-cured hams, the red-legged ham beetle, Necrobia rufipes, and the ham mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, was investigated. SF caused significant mortality in ham beetles but not for ham mites when treated for 48 h at 23 °C. Eggs of N. rufipes were more tolerant to SF than other stages fumigated. In addition, early aged (1–2 d old) eggs of N. rufipes were more susceptible to SF than late-aged (4–5 d old) eggs. Furthermore, SF fumigation led to 100% control of larvae, pupae and adults of N. rufipes by 8 g/m3 while the eggs required 20.88–24.72 g/m3 to prevent 100% hatch. However, T. putrescentiae showed high tolerance to SF as it survived concentration-time products in excess of the standard label limit 1500 g h/m3. SF studies also revealed that the eggs of T. putrescentiae were several fold more tolerant than that of the mobile stage, the nymphs and adults. SF trials under pilot-scale commercial conditions were also carried out that further supported the efficacy of SF for red-legged ham beetles but not for the ham mite. SF may not be suitable for managing ham mites based on work to date, but future work could investigate longer exposure times at higher temperatures.
Mahbub Hasan; Michael J. Aikins; M. Wes Schilling; Thomas W. Phillips. Sulfuryl fluoride as a methyl bromide alternative for fumigation of Necrobia rufipes (Coleoptera: Cleridae) and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae), major pests of animal-based stored products. Journal of Stored Products Research 2021, 91, 101769 .
AMA StyleMahbub Hasan, Michael J. Aikins, M. Wes Schilling, Thomas W. Phillips. Sulfuryl fluoride as a methyl bromide alternative for fumigation of Necrobia rufipes (Coleoptera: Cleridae) and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae), major pests of animal-based stored products. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2021; 91 ():101769.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahbub Hasan; Michael J. Aikins; M. Wes Schilling; Thomas W. Phillips. 2021. "Sulfuryl fluoride as a methyl bromide alternative for fumigation of Necrobia rufipes (Coleoptera: Cleridae) and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae), major pests of animal-based stored products." Journal of Stored Products Research 91, no. : 101769.
The toxicity of ethanedinitrile (EDN), an alternative fumigant for stored products, is decreased due to the high sorption of the gas in treated commodities. This laboratory study examined adding carbon dioxide to EDN to increase activity against Rhyzopertha dominica and Lasioderma serricorne at 25 °C, 50–70% R.H and a photoperiod of 16 L:8D h for 24 h. CO2 at 30% with the estimated LC25 dose of EDN exhibited a significant effect on the mortality of adults of R. dominica and the larvae, pupae, and adults of L. serricorne. Adults emerged from the mixed life stage cultures of R. dominica exposed to a mixture of 75 ppm or 150 ppm of EDN and CO2 at 10, 20 and 30% averaged 26.8, 11.5 and 4.9, and 1.5, 0.6 and 0.9, respectively. Averages of 188.6 and 56.6 adults resulted from cultures of R. dominica fumigated with EDN at 75 and 150 ppm alone, respectively. The L. serricorne cultures exposed to EDN at 500 or 1000 ppm plus 10, 20, and 30% of CO2 yielded average numbers of emerged adults of 170.5, 110.9 and 114.6, and 68.3, 30.2 and 31.9, respectively, compared to 358.3 and 173.6 in cultures treated with 500 and 1000 ppm of EDN alone, respectively. Numbers of adults of both species emerged from cultures exposed to either EDN or CO2 alone in the presence of commodities were significantly higher than those exposed to the EDN + CO2 (30%) mixture. These results clearly indicated the positive effect of CO2 on toxicity of EDN that can overcome the decrease of EDN toxicity against the treated insects due to its sorption in commodities.
Gomaa R.M. Ramadan; Samir A.M. Abdelgaleil; Mohamed S. Shawir; Ahmed S. El-Bakary; Peter A. Edde; Thomas W. Phillips. Carbon dioxide improves ethanedinitrile efficacy for fumigating the stored product pests Rhyzopertha dominica and Lasioderma serricorne. Journal of Stored Products Research 2020, 93, 101736 .
AMA StyleGomaa R.M. Ramadan, Samir A.M. Abdelgaleil, Mohamed S. Shawir, Ahmed S. El-Bakary, Peter A. Edde, Thomas W. Phillips. Carbon dioxide improves ethanedinitrile efficacy for fumigating the stored product pests Rhyzopertha dominica and Lasioderma serricorne. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2020; 93 ():101736.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGomaa R.M. Ramadan; Samir A.M. Abdelgaleil; Mohamed S. Shawir; Ahmed S. El-Bakary; Peter A. Edde; Thomas W. Phillips. 2020. "Carbon dioxide improves ethanedinitrile efficacy for fumigating the stored product pests Rhyzopertha dominica and Lasioderma serricorne." Journal of Stored Products Research 93, no. : 101736.
A series of laboratory and field experiments were performed to assess the responses of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and other stored-product beetles to pheromone-baited traps and trap components. A commercial Tribolium pitfall trap called the Flit-Trak M2, the predecessor to the Dome trap, was superior in both laboratory and field experiments over the other floor trap designs assessed at capturing walking T. castaneum. In field experiments, Typhaea stercorea (L.) and Ahasverus advena (Stephens) both preferred a sticky trap to the pitfall trap. Although the covered trap is effective at capturing several other species of stored product beetles, the synthetic Tribolium aggregation pheromone lure is critical for the pitfall trap’s efficacy for T. castaneum. Although the food-based trapping oil used in the pitfall trap was not found to be attractive to T. castaneum when assayed alone, it had value as an enhancer of the pheromone bait when the two were used together in the trap. A dust cover modification made to go over the pitfall trap was effective in protecting the trap from dust, although the trap was still vulnerable to dust contamination from sanitation techniques that used compressed air to blow down the mill floors. Capture of T. castaneum in the modified trap performed as well as the standard trap design in a non-dusty area of a flour mill, and was significantly superior over the standard trap in a dusty area. T. castaneum responded in flight outside a flourmill preferentially to multiple funnel traps with pheromone lures compared to traps without pheromone.
Thomas Phillips; Carl Doud. Responses of Red Flour Beetle Adults, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and Other Stored Product Beetles to Different Pheromone Trap Designs. Insects 2020, 11, 733 .
AMA StyleThomas Phillips, Carl Doud. Responses of Red Flour Beetle Adults, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and Other Stored Product Beetles to Different Pheromone Trap Designs. Insects. 2020; 11 (11):733.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThomas Phillips; Carl Doud. 2020. "Responses of Red Flour Beetle Adults, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and Other Stored Product Beetles to Different Pheromone Trap Designs." Insects 11, no. 11: 733.
The red-legged ham beetle, Necrobia rufipes DeGeer (Coleoptera: Cleridae), is an important world-wide insect pest of stored-products of animal origin, but it can also infest a wider range of commodities. A review detailing the biology of N. rufipes including the morphology, development and reproduction of this pest is presented. This review also illustrates various aspects of its integrated control and summarizes the current knowledge for N. rufipes management, given that there were additional data that have been produced towards this direction during the last decade. Furthermore, this paper identifies potential areas of further research on N. rufipes for practical implementation.
Mahbub Hasan; Christos G. Athanassiou; M. Wes Schilling; Thomas W. Phillips. Biology and management of the red-legged ham beetle, Necrobia rufipes DeGeer (Coleoptera: Cleridae). Journal of Stored Products Research 2020, 88, 101635 .
AMA StyleMahbub Hasan, Christos G. Athanassiou, M. Wes Schilling, Thomas W. Phillips. Biology and management of the red-legged ham beetle, Necrobia rufipes DeGeer (Coleoptera: Cleridae). Journal of Stored Products Research. 2020; 88 ():101635.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahbub Hasan; Christos G. Athanassiou; M. Wes Schilling; Thomas W. Phillips. 2020. "Biology and management of the red-legged ham beetle, Necrobia rufipes DeGeer (Coleoptera: Cleridae)." Journal of Stored Products Research 88, no. : 101635.
Plant-based products and common repellents have been suggested as promising alternatives for management of stored product insects. In this study, contact toxicity and repellent activity of the safe natural products carvacrol, citronella oil, geraniol, nootkatone, ocimene and R-(+)-pulegone, and the synthetic commercial repellents, N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), and the fatty acid mixture of octanoic, nonanoic, and decanoic acids (C8910) were evaluated against the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica and the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne under laboratory conditions. In contact toxicity assays the compounds were tested at concentrations ranging between 0.008 and 0.4 mg/cm2. Carvacrol and R-(+)-pulegone exhibited the highest contact toxicity with LC50 values of 0.019 and 0.023 mg/cm2 against L. serricorne and LC50 values of 0.012 and 0.019 mg/cm2 against R. dominica, respectively. Similarly, C8910, geraniol and citronella oil showed toxic effect against both insects. The repellent activity of compounds was tested using the preference method assay at concentrations ranging between 3.125 and 50.0 μg/cm2. The highest repellency percentage (RP) was achieved by C8910 against L. serricorne with a RP value of 76.0% at the lowest concentration (6.25 μg/cm2), while carvacrol showed the highest repellent activity against R. dominica with RP value of 88.0% at 3.125 μg/cm2 within 3 h of insect exposure. The tested compounds caused higher repellent activity to R. dominica than L. serricorne. In vitro inhibition studies of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in adults of both species showed that R-(+) pulegone strongly inhibited AChE activity of R. dominica and L. serricorne with 69.0% and 88.0% inhibition at 40 mM, respectively. Carvacrol caused 41.8% inhibition in AChE activity of R. dominica compared to 66.7% of L. serricorne at 40 mM. The results indicated that the tested natural compounds may be useful alternatives for controlling R. dominica and L. serricorne.
Gomaa R.M. Ramadan; Samir A.M. Abdelgaleil; Mohamed S. Shawir; Ahmed S. El-Bakary; Kun Yan Zhu; Thomas W. Phillips. Terpenoids, DEET and short chain fatty acids as toxicants and repellents for Rhyzopertha dominica (coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Ptinidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 2020, 87, 101610 .
AMA StyleGomaa R.M. Ramadan, Samir A.M. Abdelgaleil, Mohamed S. Shawir, Ahmed S. El-Bakary, Kun Yan Zhu, Thomas W. Phillips. Terpenoids, DEET and short chain fatty acids as toxicants and repellents for Rhyzopertha dominica (coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Ptinidae). Journal of Stored Products Research. 2020; 87 ():101610.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGomaa R.M. Ramadan; Samir A.M. Abdelgaleil; Mohamed S. Shawir; Ahmed S. El-Bakary; Kun Yan Zhu; Thomas W. Phillips. 2020. "Terpenoids, DEET and short chain fatty acids as toxicants and repellents for Rhyzopertha dominica (coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Ptinidae)." Journal of Stored Products Research 87, no. : 101610.
The present study evaluated sorption and desorption of ethanedinitrile (EDN) by different agricultural commodities at 2.6 and 4.8 mg/L during a 24 h fumigation period at 25 Cº. This study also investigated the impact of EDN sorption on the toxic efficacy against the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, and the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne. Results showed that decrease in the free-headspace concentration of EDN was high in all tested commodities. The concentrations of EDN declined by average levels of 99.8, 98.9, 98.5, 96.2 and 84.3% of the initial applied doses for wheat flour, wheat kernels, pinto beans, corn and tobacco leaves, respectively, at both doses by the end of the 24 h exposure periods. The relationship between the decrease in the free-headspace of EDN concentration over time followed the first order kinetics equation which was described as Ct = 1.77e−0.183t, Ct = 0.22e−0.215t, Ct = 2.03e−0.169t, Ct = 2.59e−0.136t, Ct = 2.17e−0.071 at 2.6 mg/L and Ct = 3.32e−0.179t, Ct = 0.41e−0.222t, Ct = 3.55e-0.165t, Ct = 4.42e0.14t, Ct = 3.87e0.071t at 4.8 mg/L for wheat kernels, wheat flour, pinto beans, corn and tobacco leaves, respectively. Moreover, we found that sorption of EDN (mg EDN/kg of commodity) by wheat flour, wheat kernels, pinto beans, corn and tobacco leaves was 12.84, 12.57, 12.66, 12.17 and 37.52 mg/kg at 2.6 mg/L, and 23.73, 22.74, 23.33, 22.73 and 69.37 mg/kg at 4.8 mg/L indicating that more than 99.0, 97.0, 98.0, 96.0 and 90.0% of the initial applied doses were sorbed, respectively. Desorption of EDN from the treated commodities after 1 h aeration and during 1 week of observation was very low, ranging from less than 0.016 mg/L for pinto beans to 0.002 mg/L for wheat flour at day 1. Results also showed that sorption of EDN by wheat kernels or wheat flour led to reductions in the insecticidal activity against L. serricorne and R. dominica mixed life stages cultures.
Gomaa R.M. Ramadan; Samir A.M. Abdelgaleil; Mohamed S. Shawir; Ahmed S. El-Bakary; Peter Edde; Thomas W. Phillips. Sorption of ethanedinitrile in fumigated commodities and its impact on efficacy for Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Lasioderma serricorne, (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) control. Journal of Stored Products Research 2020, 86, 101573 .
AMA StyleGomaa R.M. Ramadan, Samir A.M. Abdelgaleil, Mohamed S. Shawir, Ahmed S. El-Bakary, Peter Edde, Thomas W. Phillips. Sorption of ethanedinitrile in fumigated commodities and its impact on efficacy for Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Lasioderma serricorne, (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) control. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2020; 86 ():101573.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGomaa R.M. Ramadan; Samir A.M. Abdelgaleil; Mohamed S. Shawir; Ahmed S. El-Bakary; Peter Edde; Thomas W. Phillips. 2020. "Sorption of ethanedinitrile in fumigated commodities and its impact on efficacy for Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Lasioderma serricorne, (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) control." Journal of Stored Products Research 86, no. : 101573.
Development of resistance in major grain insect pest species to the key fumigant phosphine (hydrogen phosphide) across the globe has put the viability and sustainability of phosphine in jeopardy. The resistance problem has been aggravated over the past two decades, due mostly to the lack of suitable alternatives matching the major attributes of phosphine, including its low price, ease of application, proven effectiveness against a broad pest spectrum, compatibility with most storage conditions, and international acceptance as a residue-free treatment. In this review, we critically analyze the published literature in the area of phosphine resistance with special emphasis on the methods available for detection of resistance, the genetic basis of resistance development, key management strategies, and research gaps that need to be addressed.
Manoj K. Nayak; Gregory J. Daglish; Thomas W. Phillips; Paul R. Ebert. Resistance to the Fumigant Phosphine and Its Management in Insect Pests of Stored Products: A Global Perspective. Annual Review of Entomology 2020, 65, 333 -350.
AMA StyleManoj K. Nayak, Gregory J. Daglish, Thomas W. Phillips, Paul R. Ebert. Resistance to the Fumigant Phosphine and Its Management in Insect Pests of Stored Products: A Global Perspective. Annual Review of Entomology. 2020; 65 (1):333-350.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManoj K. Nayak; Gregory J. Daglish; Thomas W. Phillips; Paul R. Ebert. 2020. "Resistance to the Fumigant Phosphine and Its Management in Insect Pests of Stored Products: A Global Perspective." Annual Review of Entomology 65, no. 1: 333-350.
BACKGROUND Rhyzopertha dominica is a serious pest of stored grains and many populations have resistance to the fumigant phosphine. Some populations contain beetles with a ‘strong resistance’ phenotype. Recent work found the LC50 values for two strong‐resistant populations recently studied in North America, Belle Glade and Minneapolis were 100‐ and 595‐fold higher, respectively, compared to LC50 of a lab‐susceptible strain. Populations with ‘weak‐resistant’ phenotypes had LC50 values 5‐ to 10‐fold that of a susceptible strain. The work reported below aimed to determine the minimum phosphine concentrations and number of days of exposure needed to effectively control all life stages of representative weak‐ and strong‐resistant strains, and then to recommend the treatment conditions needed to control strongly phosphine‐resistant R. dominica in pest populations. RESULTS A dose‐mortality assay estimated that phosphine fumigation over 48 h using 730–870 ppm at 25° C would control adults of both strongly resistant R. dominica populations. Fumigations with mixed life stage cultures found 200 ppm killed all susceptible and weak‐resistant beetles in 2 days, but the strong‐resistant Minneapolis and Belle Glade strains had substantial survivors at 200 ppm. Furthermore, the Belle Glade strain had beetles that survived 1000 ppm in 2‐day fumigations. The strong‐resistant Belle Glade strain needed nearly 10 days at over 400 ppm to have acceptable levels of control. CONCLUSION This study recommends protocols to manage strongly resistant R. dominica populations provided that a minimum phosphine concentration of 400 ppm be maintained at 25° C or higher for up to 10 days. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Edwin Afful; Tesfaye M. Tadesse; Manoj K. Nayak; Thomas W. Phillips. High‐dose strategies for managing phosphine‐resistant populations of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Pest Management Science 2019, 76, 1683 -1690.
AMA StyleEdwin Afful, Tesfaye M. Tadesse, Manoj K. Nayak, Thomas W. Phillips. High‐dose strategies for managing phosphine‐resistant populations of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Pest Management Science. 2019; 76 (5):1683-1690.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEdwin Afful; Tesfaye M. Tadesse; Manoj K. Nayak; Thomas W. Phillips. 2019. "High‐dose strategies for managing phosphine‐resistant populations of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)." Pest Management Science 76, no. 5: 1683-1690.
Cryptolestes ferrugineus is a common beetle pest of stored grain for which techniques to monitor dispersing beetles are limited. Early research found several male-produced aggregation pheromones, but there has been little related work since that time. This paper reports experiments on orientation of C. ferrugineus in response to synthetic pheromones and other semiochemicals via flight and walking. Field trapping studies showed that flying beetles were caught on the western sides of grain bins in Kansas compared to the other three cardinal directions. Work with synthetic formulations of the two male-produced aggregation pheromones found that flying beetles were attracted to traps with the pheromone and wheat compared to traps with wheat only. Walking bioassays in the laboratory determined that either of the two aggregation pheromones, known as Cucujolide I and Cucujolide II, were attractive whether deployed singly or in combination. Laboratory bioassays showed that volatiles from grains, other grain-based materials and two commercial food attractants used in traps were attractive to C. ferrugineus. Further laboratory assays demonstrated that C. ferrugineus would orient to synthetic pheromones of three other beetle species and one moth species, all common pests of stored products. These new data on semiochemicals for C. ferrugineus suggest future work that could be done toward developing new tools for detecting and monitoring this serious pest.
Stephen M. Losey; Gregory J. Daglish; Thomas W. Phillips. Orientation of rusty grain beetles, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae), to semiochemicals in field and laboratory experiments. Journal of Stored Products Research 2019, 84, 101513 .
AMA StyleStephen M. Losey, Gregory J. Daglish, Thomas W. Phillips. Orientation of rusty grain beetles, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae), to semiochemicals in field and laboratory experiments. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2019; 84 ():101513.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephen M. Losey; Gregory J. Daglish; Thomas W. Phillips. 2019. "Orientation of rusty grain beetles, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae), to semiochemicals in field and laboratory experiments." Journal of Stored Products Research 84, no. : 101513.
Ethanedinitrile (EDN) is used to fumigate logs and timber products, and it has the potential as an alternative fumigant for stored food products. Other work has demonstrated efficacy of EDN for controlling stored grain pests, but information on EDN residues in food commodities are needed to assess impacts on food safety. The present study developed and validated a method to determine EDN residues in whole wheat kernels, wheat flour, whole corn kernels, pinto beans and dried whole-leaf tobacco. EDN was extracted from commodities with diethyl ether and analyzed by quantitative GC-MS in selected ion monitoring (SIM). The method achieved a high level of selectivity and good precision with acceptable recoveries between 42.3 and 96.6% and relative standard deviation (RSD) < 20% when known concentrations were set at 0.00594, 0.0594 and 0.594 mg/L. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.001 and 0.003 mg/L, respectively. Also, the actual residues of EDN were evaluated in the commodities at two levels of fumigation and after different aeration times. The initial deposits of EDN residues after 1 h ranged from 32.08 to 100.60 μg/kg following fumigation with 2.6 mg/L, and 56.30–154.78 μg/kg when fumigated at 4.8 mg/L. The dissipation of EDN in the fumigated commodities followed the first order kinetics model with half-life values ranged from 6.47 to 36.47 h at 2.6 mg/L and from 21.6 to 57.75 h at 4.8 mg/L. This research demonstrates that ether extraction followed by GC-MS generates useful residue data from EDN in grains and tobacco, and those residues can vary widely among these products. These findings are important as work moves forward to adopt EDN as a stored product fumigant.
Gomaa R.M. Ramadan; Samir A.M. Abdelgaleil; Mohamed S. Shawir; Ahmed S. El-Bakary; Peter Edde; Thomas W. Phillips. Residue analysis of the fumigant pesticide ethanedinitrile in different agricultural commodities using ether extraction and GC-MS. Journal of Stored Products Research 2019, 83, 331 -337.
AMA StyleGomaa R.M. Ramadan, Samir A.M. Abdelgaleil, Mohamed S. Shawir, Ahmed S. El-Bakary, Peter Edde, Thomas W. Phillips. Residue analysis of the fumigant pesticide ethanedinitrile in different agricultural commodities using ether extraction and GC-MS. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2019; 83 ():331-337.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGomaa R.M. Ramadan; Samir A.M. Abdelgaleil; Mohamed S. Shawir; Ahmed S. El-Bakary; Peter Edde; Thomas W. Phillips. 2019. "Residue analysis of the fumigant pesticide ethanedinitrile in different agricultural commodities using ether extraction and GC-MS." Journal of Stored Products Research 83, no. : 331-337.
Strong phosphine resistance in Tribolium castaneum is due to point mutations in DNA that code for amino acid changes of P45S and/or G131S in the enzyme dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD). One allele coding for P45S is the most common in all phosphine-resistant US populations and in one strain from Brazil (TCBR), whereas another allele, G131S, occurs only in Australian beetles. Dose-mortality studies found that the TCBR strain was more resistant to phosphine than US populations. To investigate strong resistance mutations in TCBR, we sequenced cDNA for DLD in TCBR and compared results with a US population from Kansas. The common P45S mutation was detected in both populations, but two additional mutations G131D and V167A were identified only from TCBR. We used a CAPS marker (Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence) for P45S, herein designated M1, to survey this resistance allele in TCBR. We also developed a marker for the G131D mutation, designated M2. Only two genotypes, R1R1S2S2 (homozygous for resistance at M1, but homozygous susceptible at the M2 site) and R1S1R2S2 (heterozygous for resistance at M1 and M2) existed in TCBR. However, phosphine resistance levels were similar between individuals with the two genotypes. Beetles with strong resistance in TCBR may be homozygous for either the presence of the common P45S allele, or heterozygous for two resistance alleles at a second locus, G131D. The strong resistance phenotype in TCBR may be expressed differently based on previously unknown mutations at the DLD locus, but this will require further research to resolve.
Zhaorigetu Hubhachen; Hongbo Jiang; David Schlipalius; Yoonseong Park; Raul N. C. Guedes; Brenda Oppert; George Opit; Thomas W. Phillips. A CAPS marker for determination of strong phosphine resistance in Tribolium castaneum from Brazil. Journal of Pest Science 2019, 93, 127 -134.
AMA StyleZhaorigetu Hubhachen, Hongbo Jiang, David Schlipalius, Yoonseong Park, Raul N. C. Guedes, Brenda Oppert, George Opit, Thomas W. Phillips. A CAPS marker for determination of strong phosphine resistance in Tribolium castaneum from Brazil. Journal of Pest Science. 2019; 93 (1):127-134.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhaorigetu Hubhachen; Hongbo Jiang; David Schlipalius; Yoonseong Park; Raul N. C. Guedes; Brenda Oppert; George Opit; Thomas W. Phillips. 2019. "A CAPS marker for determination of strong phosphine resistance in Tribolium castaneum from Brazil." Journal of Pest Science 93, no. 1: 127-134.
Resistance to the fumigant phosphine in Tribolium castaneum occurs worldwide. This study evaluated tests based on adult knockdown time, the time for a beetle to become immobile, when exposed to a high concentration of phosphine. We recorded knockdown times of beetles that remained completely still for 30 s when exposed to 3000 ppm of phosphine in a large, gas-tight glass tube. Beetles were used from 12 populations, of which six were ‘susceptible’ to phosphine, three were ‘weakly resistant’, and three were ‘strongly resistant’. Knockdown times were determined for single beetles, as well as for groups of ten beetles for which the time to knockdown for either five beetles (KT50) or ten beetles (KT100) were recorded. Similar knockdown times occurred across susceptible and resistant populations. However, the KT100 tests generated conservative times for diagnosing strong vs. weak resistance. The strong resistant populations were all over 100 min with KT100, compared to 60 min or less for susceptible and weak resistant populations. Special tests on single beetles revealed higher knockdown times in insects that were deliberately disturbed compared to those without any disturbances. Work reported here suggests a knockdown test conducted on beetles in a matter of minutes or hours could help classify phosphine resistance status prior to decisions on phosphine fumigation.
Aaron Cato; Edwin Afful; Manoj K. Nayak; Thomas W. Phillips. Evaluation of Knockdown Bioassay Methods to Assess Phosphine Resistance in the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Insects 2019, 10, 140 .
AMA StyleAaron Cato, Edwin Afful, Manoj K. Nayak, Thomas W. Phillips. Evaluation of Knockdown Bioassay Methods to Assess Phosphine Resistance in the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Insects. 2019; 10 (5):140.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAaron Cato; Edwin Afful; Manoj K. Nayak; Thomas W. Phillips. 2019. "Evaluation of Knockdown Bioassay Methods to Assess Phosphine Resistance in the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)." Insects 10, no. 5: 140.
The khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium, is a voracious feeder of stored products and is considered one of the most important quarantine pests globally. Its ability to survive for long periods under extreme conditions facilitates its spread through international commerce, which has led to invasions of new geographic regions. The khapra beetle is an important quarantine pest for many countries, including the major wheat-producing countries the United States, Canada, Russia, and Australia, and has been classified as one of the 100 worst invasive species worldwide. This species cannot always be controlled by insecticides and other nonchemical methods that are usually effective against other pests of stored products, particularly owing to its diapausing late larval stage. It can rapidly develop at elevated temperatures and under dry conditions, which are not favorable for many major stored-product insects. We synthesize key published work to draw attention to advances in biology, detection and control of the khapra beetle, and directions to consider for future research.
Christos G. Athanassiou; Thomas W. Phillips; Waqas Wakil. Biology and Control of the Khapra Beetle, Trogoderma granarium, a Major Quarantine Threat to Global Food Security. Annual Review of Entomology 2019, 64, 131 -148.
AMA StyleChristos G. Athanassiou, Thomas W. Phillips, Waqas Wakil. Biology and Control of the Khapra Beetle, Trogoderma granarium, a Major Quarantine Threat to Global Food Security. Annual Review of Entomology. 2019; 64 (1):131-148.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristos G. Athanassiou; Thomas W. Phillips; Waqas Wakil. 2019. "Biology and Control of the Khapra Beetle, Trogoderma granarium, a Major Quarantine Threat to Global Food Security." Annual Review of Entomology 64, no. 1: 131-148.
Although animal movement behaviors are influenced by spatial heterogeneity, such behaviors can also generate spatial heterogeneity via interactions with the emergent spatial structure and other individuals (i.e., the social landscape). Elucidate the behavioral and ecological mechanisms of pattern formation in a homogeneous resource landscape. We analyzed the movement pathways and space-use patterns of the lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica) within homogeneous resource landscapes (wheat kernels). Experimental trials consisted of individual beetles foraging alone or paired with a member of the same or different sex. We identified two sources of pattern formation: (1) beetles were attracted to areas where they or another beetle had previously fed, leading to increased patchiness via positive reinforcement; and (2) the presence of conspecifics affected whether and at what scales patchiness occurred. Solitary males had lower rates of movement and less tortuous pathways than solitary females, but both sexes generated fine-scale patchiness in the resource distribution. Patchy resource landscapes were also generated by male–female pairs, but not by same-sex pairings. Paired females in particular exhibited significantly greater daily net displacements and more random space use than solitary females. Pattern formation is a complex process, even in a relatively simple, homogeneous resource landscape. In particular, patterns created by individuals when foraging alone versus in pairs underscores how social interactions can fundamentally alter the resultant pattern of heterogeneity that emerges in resource landscapes.
Erick M. G. Cordeiro; James F. Campbell; Thomas W. Phillips; Kimberly A. With. Behavioral and social mechanisms behind pattern formation: an experimental study of animal movement. Landscape Ecology 2018, 33, 1881 -1894.
AMA StyleErick M. G. Cordeiro, James F. Campbell, Thomas W. Phillips, Kimberly A. With. Behavioral and social mechanisms behind pattern formation: an experimental study of animal movement. Landscape Ecology. 2018; 33 (11):1881-1894.
Chicago/Turabian StyleErick M. G. Cordeiro; James F. Campbell; Thomas W. Phillips; Kimberly A. With. 2018. "Behavioral and social mechanisms behind pattern formation: an experimental study of animal movement." Landscape Ecology 33, no. 11: 1881-1894.
Since methyl bromide is an ozone depleting substance, there is a need to find effective alternative methods to control mite infestations on dry cured hams. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the most effective relative humidity and/or temperature combination to minimize mite reproduction and mold growth on dry cured hams in untreated and food-grade ingredient infused nets. Food grade coating formulations of 1) xanthan gum and propylene glycol, and 2) carrageenan, propylene glycol alginate, and propylene glycol nets were infused into nets. Dry cured ham cubes and slices were wrapped with untreated and treated nets, inoculated with 20 large mixed-sex mites per cube or 50 large mixed-sex mites per slice, and then stored for 14 d at each temperature (24, 28, and 32 °C) and RH (55, 65, 75, and 85%) combination in an environmental chamber. Tyrophagus putrescentiae on ham slices in untreated nets were reduced from the initial inoculum level of 50 mites per ham slice when exposed to 85% r.h. at 24, 28, and 32 °C. Nets infused with xanthan gum and propylene glycol or carrageenan, propylene glycol alginate, and propylene glycol, completely inhibited mite reproduction at 85% r.h. In addition, the nets infused with carrageenan, propylene glycol alginate, and propylene glycol, controlled mite reproduction below the initial inoculum level on ham cubes and ham slices at all temperatures and relative humidities that were evaluated. Six to eight trained panelists rated the amount of mold on the ham slice surfaces on a 0–100% scale and both treated nets evaluated were effective at preventing mold growth on the ham slices.
Jasmine D. Hendrix; Xue Zhang; Yan L. Campbell; Li Zhang; Lurdes Siberio; Christine Leick Cord; Juan L. Silva; Jerome Goddard; Taejo Kim; Thomas W. Phillips; M. Wes. Schilling. Effects of temperature, relative humidity, and protective netting on Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae) infestation, fungal growth, and product quality of dry cured hams. Journal of Stored Products Research 2018, 77, 211 -218.
AMA StyleJasmine D. Hendrix, Xue Zhang, Yan L. Campbell, Li Zhang, Lurdes Siberio, Christine Leick Cord, Juan L. Silva, Jerome Goddard, Taejo Kim, Thomas W. Phillips, M. Wes. Schilling. Effects of temperature, relative humidity, and protective netting on Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae) infestation, fungal growth, and product quality of dry cured hams. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2018; 77 ():211-218.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJasmine D. Hendrix; Xue Zhang; Yan L. Campbell; Li Zhang; Lurdes Siberio; Christine Leick Cord; Juan L. Silva; Jerome Goddard; Taejo Kim; Thomas W. Phillips; M. Wes. Schilling. 2018. "Effects of temperature, relative humidity, and protective netting on Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae) infestation, fungal growth, and product quality of dry cured hams." Journal of Stored Products Research 77, no. : 211-218.
Psocids have become global pests of stored commodities as they can cause considerable economic losses. These insects are difficult to control because they have developed resistance to many chemical insecticides. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate alternative integrated pest management (IPM) approaches, such as the use of light attraction for monitoring and/or controlling psocids. Light attraction has been studied for Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) but not for other psocid species. In this study, we investigated the response of adults of three psocid species (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae), Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein), Liposcelis paeta Pearman, and Liposcelis brunnea Motschulsky, to six wavelengths of light from light-emitting diode (LED) in paired-choice pitfall tests. L. entomophila females and males were not attracted to any of the wavelengths tested. L. paeta females responded positively to two ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths (351 and 400 nm) and to green light (527 nm), while males did not respond to any light. L. brunnea females and males responded positively to all six wavelengths evaluated. Most of the LEDs that elicited positive responses to L. paeta females and L. brunnea females and males were also preferred when these lights were presented against brewer's yeast, a food attractant highly preferred by several psocid species. Females of L. paeta and L. brunnea were attracted to white light when compared with a blank, but females of L. entomophila were not attracted to white light compared to a blank.
John Diaz-Montano; James F Campbell; Thomas W Phillips; James E Throne. Evaluation of Light Attraction for the Stored-Product Psocids, Liposcelis entomophila, Liposcelis paeta, and Liposcelis brunnea. Journal of Economic Entomology 2018, 111, 1476 -1480.
AMA StyleJohn Diaz-Montano, James F Campbell, Thomas W Phillips, James E Throne. Evaluation of Light Attraction for the Stored-Product Psocids, Liposcelis entomophila, Liposcelis paeta, and Liposcelis brunnea. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2018; 111 (3):1476-1480.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohn Diaz-Montano; James F Campbell; Thomas W Phillips; James E Throne. 2018. "Evaluation of Light Attraction for the Stored-Product Psocids, Liposcelis entomophila, Liposcelis paeta, and Liposcelis brunnea." Journal of Economic Entomology 111, no. 3: 1476-1480.
Salehe Abbar; Özgür Sağlam; M. Wes Schilling; Thomas W. Phillips. Efficacy of combining sulfuryl fluoride fumigation with heat to control the ham mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae). Journal of Stored Products Research 2018, 76, 7 -13.
AMA StyleSalehe Abbar, Özgür Sağlam, M. Wes Schilling, Thomas W. Phillips. Efficacy of combining sulfuryl fluoride fumigation with heat to control the ham mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae). Journal of Stored Products Research. 2018; 76 ():7-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalehe Abbar; Özgür Sağlam; M. Wes Schilling; Thomas W. Phillips. 2018. "Efficacy of combining sulfuryl fluoride fumigation with heat to control the ham mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae)." Journal of Stored Products Research 76, no. : 7-13.