A sulfonated magnetic graphene oxide (SMGO) hybrid was successfully synthesized via the nucleophilic substitution reaction and characterized. The removal of chromate by SMGO was investigated. The effects of contact time, initial pH of the solution, and initial chromate concentration on the removal efficiency were investigated. The optimal experimental conditions for enhanced chromate removal were found to be a contact time of 60 min at an initial solution pH of 3. The observed data were fitted with Lagergren pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating that chromate adsorption on SMGO was a chemical interaction in nature. The Langmuir model was also used to describe the adsorption processes and the adsorption capacity was found to be 222.22 mg g⁻¹. Thermodynamic studies (ΔG < 0, ΔH > 0, ΔS > 0) revealed that the adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous. SMGO has potential to be applied several times after desorption in wastewater treatment.

Doping and its consequences on the electronic features, optoelectronic features, and magnetism of graphynes (GYs) are reviewed in this work. First, synthetic strategies that consider numerous chemically and dimensionally different structures are discussed. Simultaneous or subsequent doping with heteroatoms, controlling dimensions, applying strain, and applying external electric fields can serve as effective ways to modulate the band structure of these new sp²/sp allotropes of carbon. The fundamental band gap is crucially dependent on morphology, with low dimensional GYs displaying a broader band gap than their bulk counterparts. Accurately chosen precursors and synthesis conditions ensure complete control of the morphological, electronic, and physicochemical properties of resulting GY sheets as well as the distribution of dopants deposited on GY surfaces. The uniform and quantitative inclusion of non-metallic (B, Cl, N, O, or P) and metallic (Fe, Co, or Ni) elements into graphyne derivatives were theoretically and experimentally studied, which improved their electronic and magnetic properties as row systems or in heterojunction. The effect of heteroatoms associated with metallic impurities on the magnetic properties of GYs was investigated. Finally, the flexibility of doped GYs’ electronic and magnetic features recommends them for new electronic and optoelectronic applications.

The oxidation of DBT to sulfone catalyzed by Fe₃O₄/SiO₂/ionic liquid.