In order to carry out activities aimed at conservation and rational use of forest resources; it is necessary to study the main forest-forming plant species in detail. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L., Pinaceae) is mainly found in the boreal forests of Eurasia and is not so often encountered in the east of the East European Plain. The aim of the study was to study the genetic diversity, structure and differentiation of Scots pine populations in the east of the East European Plain. We studied ten populations of P. sylvestris using the Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR)-based DNA polymorphism detection method. Natural populations are demonstrated by relatively high rates of genetic diversity (He = 0.167; n_e = 1.279; I = 0.253). At the same time, there is a tendency for a decrease in the genetic diversity of the studied populations of P. sylvestris from west to east. Analysis of the genetic structure shows that the studied populations are highly differentiated (G_ST = 0.439), the intrapopulation component accounts for about 56% of the genetic diversity. Using various algorithms for determining the spatial genetic structure, it is found that the studied populations form two groups of populations in accordance with geographic location. With the help of a genetic originality coefficient, populations with specific and typical gene pools are identified. They are recommended as sources of genetic diversity and reserves for the conservation of genetic resources of the species.

DNA polymorphism has been studied, indicators of genetic diversity and genetic structure of 3 populations of Pinus sylvestris L. and 3 populations of Pinus sibirica Du Tour in the Perm Krai have been determined. In the populations of P. sibirica, 102 ISSR-PCR markers were found, of which 88 were polymorphic (P95 = 0.863), and in the populations of P. sylvestris — 113 ISSR-PCR markers, 100 of which were polymorphic (P95 = 0.885). The populations of the two studied species of woody plants are characterized by high genetic diversity. At the same time, in P. sibirica, the indices of genetic diversity were slightly higher (HE = 0.195; ne = 1.335; na = 1.330) than in P. sylvestris (HE = 0.166; ne = 1.268; na = 1.212). The analysis of the genetic structure showed that the coefficient of genetic subdivision (GST) in the two studied species of the genus Pinus are similar and amount to 0.320 in P. sibirica and 0.303 in P. sylvestris. The populations of Siberian pine and Scots pine are characterized by an average degree of genetic differentiation, since the interpopulation component accounts for 32.0% and 30.3% of the genetic diversity of these species, respectively. Using the Mantel test, a high correlation was found between genetic and geographical distances in P. sibirica populations (R2 = 0.6871), while P. sylvestris showed a low correlation (R2 = 0.0649). The data obtained are relevant for the preservation of the gene pools of the studied two species of the genus Pinus in the Perm Krai.

For the selection of identification SNP markers and identification at the population level, 5 populations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L., Pinaceae) and 5 populations of the western race of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb., Pinaceae) in the Perm Krai were studied. To determine nucleotide sequences and select identification SNP markers in 10 populations of two woody plant species of the Perm Krai, 14 pairs of nuclear and 3 pairs of chloroplast loci of P. sylvestris, as well as ten pairs of primers to 10 loci of potentially adaptively significant genes of L. sibirica were tested. Sequencing of 3 nuclear loci and 3 loci of chloroplast DNA of P. sylvestris, as well as 6 loci of nuclear adaptively significant genes of L. sibirica were sequenced. In the sequenced sequences of two plant species, 59 SNP markers were detected. Of these, 11 identification SNP markers were established, with a sufficiently high frequency of occurrence (≥0.5), suitable for identifying populations of two coniferous plant species.

74 ISSR-PCR markers were isolated in four studied populations of Scots pine in the Perm Territory, of which 67 (P95=0.905) were polymorphic. The studied populations are characterized by high rates of genetic diversity (P95=0.905; HE=0.187; ne=1.402; R=12). It was found that among the studied 4 populations of P. sylvestris, the population from the Gainskiy forestry (P95=0.842; HE=0.212; ne=1.358; R=1) possesses the highest genetic diversity, and the population from the Perm forestry (P95=0.800; HE=0.173; ne=1.282; R=1). A comparative analysis of the literature and the data obtained showed that the indicators of the genetic diversity of the studied populations of Scots pine in the Perm region have average values for the species (P95=0.905; HE=0.187; na=1.905; ne=1.402).