The progression of malignant tumors leads to the development of secondary tumors in various organs, including bones, the brain, liver, and lungs. This metastatic process severely impacts the prognosis of patients, significantly affecting their quality of life and survival rates. Research efforts have consistently focused on the intricate mechanisms underlying this process and the corresponding clinical management strategies. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of the biological foundations of tumor metastasis, identification of pivotal signaling pathways, and systematic evaluation of existing and emerging therapeutic strategies are paramount to enhancing the overall diagnostic and treatment capabilities for metastatic tumors. However, current research is primarily focused on metastasis within specific cancer types, leaving significant gaps in our understanding of the complex metastatic cascade, organ-specific tropism mechanisms, and the development of targeted treatments. In this study, we examine the sequential processes of tumor metastasis, elucidate the underlying mechanisms driving organ-tropic metastasis, and systematically analyze therapeutic strategies for metastatic tumors, including those tailored to specific organ involvement. Subsequently, we synthesize the most recent advances in emerging therapeutic technologies for tumor metastasis and analyze the challenges and opportunities encountered in clinical research pertaining to bone metastasis. Our objective is to offer insights that can inform future research and clinical practice in this crucial field.

Intratumoral microbiota has become research hotspots, and emerges as a non-negligent new component of tumor microenvironments (TME), due to its powerful influence on tumor initiation, metastasis, immunosurveillance and prognosis despite in low-biomass. The accumulations of microbes, and their related components and metabolites within tumor tissues, endow TME with additional pluralistic features which are distinct from the conventional one. Therefore, it's definitely necessary to comprehensively delineate the sophisticated landscapes of tumor microbe microenvironment, as well as their functions and related underlying mechanisms. Herein, in this review, we focused on the fields of tumor microbe microenvironment, including the heterogeneity of intratumor microbiota in different types of tumors, the controversial roles of intratumoral microbiota, the basic features of tumor microbe microenvironment (i.e., pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), typical microbial metabolites, autophagy, inflammation, multi-faceted immunomodulation and chemoresistance), as well as the multidisciplinary approach-based intervention of tumor microbiome for cancer therapy by applying wild-type or engineered live microbes, microbiota metabolites, antibiotics, synthetic biology and rationally designed biomaterials. We hope our work will provide valuable insight to deeply understand the interplay of cancer-immune-microbial, and facilitate the development of microbes-based tumor-specific treatments.

Objective: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of preoperative pelvic floor muscle exercise on urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy.Methods: We searched the literature for randomized controlled trials evaluating the diagnostic analysis of preoperative pelvic floor muscle exercise (PFME) and postprostatectomy incontinence in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PsycINFO, China Biomedical Literature Database, China Journal Full-text Database, Wanfang Database and Weipu Database. The retrieval time limit is from the establishment of the database to January 2023. We used a risk ratio with accompanying 95% confidence interval (CI) to express estimates. Reviewer Manager (RevMan) 5.1.0 was used to complete all statistical analyses.Results: Twelve studies were included based on the selection criteria. The total number of patients included in the final analysis was 1,365. At 1th month, there was no difference in continence rates between the groups [odds ratio (OR): 0.47; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.22–1.02, p = 0.06]. At 3th month, there was statistically significant difference in PFME group before operation (OR: 0.61; 95% CI, 0.37–0.98, p = 0.04). At 6th and 12th months, there was no difference between groups (OR: 0.57; 95% CI, 0.28–1.17, p = 0.13), (OR: 0.56; 95% CI, 0.27–1.15, p = 0.12).Conclusion: Preoperative pelvic floor muscle exercise can improve postoperative urinary incontinence at 3rd months after radical prostatectomy, but it cannot improve urinary incontinence at 6th months or longer after surgery, which indicates that preoperative PFME can improve early continence rate, but cannot improve long-term urinary incontinence continence rate.

Metastasis-associated processes are the predominant instigator of fatalities linked to cancer, wherein the pivotal role of circulating tumor cells lies in the resurgence of malignant growth. In recent epochs, exosomes, constituents of the extracellular vesicle cohort, have garnered attention within the field of tumor theranostics owing to their inherent attributes encompassing biocompatibility, modifiability, payload capacity, stability, and therapeutic suitability. Nonetheless, the rudimentary functionalities and limited efficacy of unmodified exosomes curtail their prospective utility. In an effort to surmount these shortcomings, intricate methodologies amalgamating nanotechnology with genetic manipulation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and optical intervention present themselves as enhanced avenues to surveil and intercede in tumor metastasis and relapse. This review delves into the manifold techniques currently employed to engineer exosomes, with a specific focus on elucidating the interplay between exosomes and the metastatic cascade, alongside the implementation of tailored exosomes in abating tumor metastasis and recurrence. This review not only advances comprehension of the evolving landscape within this domain but also steers the trajectory of forthcoming investigations.

Prostate cancer (PCa) has the highest frequency of diagnosis among solid tumors and ranks second as the primary cause of cancer-related deaths. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs, frequently exhibit dysregulation and substantially impact the biological behavior of PCa. Compared with circulating ncRNAs, ncRNAs loaded into exosomes are more stable because of protection by the lipid bilayer. Furthermore, exosomal ncRNAs facilitate the intercellular transfer of molecules and information. Increasing evidence suggests that exosomal ncRNAs hold promising potential in the progression, diagnosis and prognosis of PCa. This review aims to discuss the functions of exosomal ncRNAs in PCa, evaluate their possible applications as clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and provide a comprehensive overview of the ncRNAs regulatory network in PCa. We also identified ncRNAs that can be utilized as biomarkers for diagnosis, staging, grading and prognosis assessment in PCa. This review offers researchers a fresh perspective on the functions of exosomal ncRNAs in PCa and provides additional options for its diagnosis, progression monitoring, and prognostic prediction.

The stretching of smooth muscle tissue modulates contraction through augmentation of Ca2+ transients, but the mechanism underlying stretch-induced Ca2+ transients is still unknown. We found that mechanical stretching and maintenance of mouse urinary bladder smooth muscle strips and single myocytes at 30% and 18% beyond the initial length, respectively, resulted in Ca2+ oscillations. Experiments indicated that mechanical stretching remarkably increased the production of nitric oxide (NO) as well as the amplitude and duration of muscle contraction. Stretch-induced Ca2+ oscillations and contractility increases were completely abolished by the NO inhibitor L-NAME or eNOS (also known as NOS3) gene inactivation. Moreover, exposure of eNOS-knockout myocytes to exogenous NO donor induced Ca2+ oscillations. The stretch-induced Ca2+ oscillations were greatly inhibited by the selective inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) inhibitor xestospongin C and partially inhibited by ryanodine. Moreover, the stretch-induced Ca2+ oscillations were also suppressed by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002, but not by the soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitor ODQ. These results suggest that stretching myocyte and maintenance at a certain length results in Ca2+ oscillations that are NO dependent , and sGC and cGMP independent, and results from the activation of PI3K in smooth muscle.