Geo-informatics technology has dynamic role in mapping, monitoring and management of forest resources. The transformation of forest cover and its analysis on the earth’s surface are essential for understanding the associations and interactions between natural phenomena and living organism, especially human. Also deforestation is a major reason for global warming and one of the origin keys for the enhancement of greenhouse effect and climate change. The present study is grounded on the 3S technology in assessment of LU/LC changes within the forest cover area in Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary (DWLS) Jamshedpur-Jharkhand, India. The movement of forest-cover variation over the years 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2016 is precisely studied using high resolution Satellite Data (SD). It is noted that, due to shifting cultivation, forest fire, and conversion of forest cover into crop land/bare land and settlement encroachments in forest region by villagers are rapidly increasing; as a result deforestation is taking place. It is predicted that the study would demonstrate the effectiveness of 3S technology in forest renovation, planning and management.

A dual‐junction Cu₂ZnSnS₄–Silicon (CZTS–Si)‐based tandem configuration is modeled and analyzed for its viability as a solar cell. The top and bottom modules in the tandem structure are validated by comparison with experiment. Initially, the designed tandem structure yields very low efficiency of 3.18%, and the various loss mechanisms are identified and investigated. The current mismatch between top and bottom cells and parasitic absorption (photon losses) are suggested to be the major causes limiting the short circuit current and hence the efficiency of the device. We optimize the material parameters within experimentally achievable limits in order to obtain current matching, and the optimized thicknesses of copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) and silicon (Si) absorbers are found to be 150 nm and 250 μm, respectively. The simulation results revealed that the photon losses are reduced, and overall absorption in the longer wavelength region has enhanced with the replacement of cadmium sulfide (CdS) by zinc sulfide (ZnS) buffer and careful optimization of the front layers of the device. The maximum predicted efficiency of tandem structure is >20% by minimizing the recombination centers within the experimentally obtainable ranges and improving the carrier separation process.

In this work, we report on improvement of solar efficiency which uses CZTS as active absorber, CdS as buffer layer and AZO (Al doped ZnO) as window layer. All the material layers have modeled using the optical constants and the model were validated better agreement with experimental results. The performances of solar cells with ZnS material instead of CdS buffer for the development of more environmentally friendly devices have been studied. CZTS solar cell with ZnS as buffer layer shows improved performance owing to its higher band gap and less absorption compared to CdS buffer thereby promoting more photons to the active absorber layer. Hence the efficiency of the device has risen from 8.49% to 9.16%.