Background and aims: Muscle mass reduction (MMR) is one of the three etiologic criteria in the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) framework. This study aimed to evaluate the value of MMR in GLIM criteria among ambulatory cancer patients. Methods: A single-center prospective cross-sectional study was conducted. All participants underwent calf circumference (CC) measurement and body composition measurement by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). MMR was identified by CC, fat-free mass index (FFMI), appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI), or combinations of the above three indicators. Patients-generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) was used as the comparator. Results: A total of 562 cancer patients receiving intravenous treatment were evaluated. Of the participants, 62.8% (355/562) were male. The median age of the patients was 59.0 years (range, 21–82 y). The median BMI was 22.8 kg/m² (range, 14.6–34.5 kg/m²). A total of 41.8% of patients were evaluated as malnutrition (PG-SGA ≥ 4), and 11.9% were diagnosed with severe malnutrition (PG-SGA ≥ 9). For the GLIM criteria, the prevalence of malnutrition was 26.9%, and severe malnutrition was 12.3%. For all criteria combinations of GLIM together versus PG-SGA, sensitivity was 60.4% (53.8–66.7), specificity was 97.9% (95.4–99.1), while the accordance between GLIM and PG-SGA was moderate (κ = 0.614). The performance of the GLIM worsened when MMR was excluded (κ = 0.515), with reduced sensitivity (50.2% (43.7–56.8)) and the same specificity (97.9% (95.4–99.1)). Including FFMI and ASMI by BIA can further improve the performance of GLIM than using CC alone (κ = 0.614 vs. κ = 0.565). Conclusions: It is important to include MMR in the GLIM framework. Using body composition measurement further improves the performance of the GLIM criteria than using anthropometric measurement alone.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the association of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) with incident frailty as well as its effects on pre-frailty progression and regression among middle-aged and older adults. Methods: Based on the frailty index (FI) calculated with 41 items, 6890 eligible participants without frailty at baseline from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were categorized into health, pre-frailty, and frailty groups. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the longitudinal association between baseline hs-CRP and incident frailty. Furthermore, a series of genetic approaches were conducted to confirm the causal relationship between CRP and frailty, including Linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC), pleiotropic analysis, and Mendelian randomization (MR). Finally, we evaluated the association of hs-CRP with pre-frailty progression and regression. Results: The risk of developing frailty was 1.18 times (95% CI: 1.03–1.34) higher in participants with high levels of hs-CRP at baseline than low levels of hs-CRP participants during the 3-year follow-up. MR analysis suggested that genetically determined hs-CRP was potentially positively associated with the risk of frailty (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.03–1.08). Among 5241 participants with pre-frailty at baseline, we found pre-frailty participants with high levels of hs-CRP exhibit increased odds of progression to frailty (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.09–1.79) and decreased odds of regression to health (OR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72–0.98) when compared with participants with low levels of hs-CRP. Conclusions: Our results suggest that reducing systemic inflammation is significant for developing strategies for frailty prevention and pre-frailty reversion in the middle-aged and elderly population.

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), an antitumor therapeutic strategy, have shown great potential for cancer treatment. With the widespread use of ICIs, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) have increased gradually. Neurotoxicity, as an irAE, has a low incidence rate, but high disability and mortality rates, warranting clinical attention. Material and methods: This study aimed to quantify the association between neurological adverse events and ICI treatment and describe the characteristics of ICI-related neurological complications in real-world practice. Data were sourced from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database from the first quarter of 2004 to the first quarter of 2025. Data mining was performed using the reporting odds ratio (ROR) method. Classification and statistics were conducted using the system organ class (SOC), high-level group term (HLGT), and preferred term (PT) from the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) terminology set (version 28.0). Results: The entire FAERS database included 56,321,150 adverse event records, of which 26,629 records were identified as being related to neurological immune-related adverse events (n-irAEs) following ICI therapy. The main adverse events include encephalitis, encephalopathy, myasthenia gravis, paraneoplastic syndromes, and peripheral neuropathy. Among these reports, males (53.51%) outnumbered females (37.82%), and the median patient age was 67 years. The number of reports in 2024 was slightly higher than that in other years, but the difference was not significant. Physicians were the primary reporters (43.23%) and the United States had the highest number of reports (35.78%). The median time to the onset of adverse events was 30 days. Serious reports accounted for a high proportion of the patients (91.23%). Conclusion: Pharmacovigilance analysis indicated that neurological immune-related adverse events associated with ICIs mainly involved central nervous system inflammation and neuromuscular junction dysfunction. Different ICI immunotherapies are associated with distinct neurological disease characteristics, and combination therapies may influence the reporting patterns of neurotoxicity. In clinical practice, the early recognition and management of ICI-related n-irAEs are critical.

Quantum dots (QDs) have emerged as standout candidates among inorganic nanomaterials, distinguished by their tunable photoluminescence, exceptional photostability, and size‐dependent quantum confinement effects that enable tailored emission from the visible to the near‐infrared range. These remarkable optical properties, coupled with broad absorption spectra and high quantum yields, have positioned QDs at the forefront of diverse biomedical applications. This review provides a systematic overview of QDs fabrication strategies, with a focus on bottom‐up approaches, such as colloidal synthesis, hydrothermal, and solvothermal methods, as well as emerging biomimetic synthesis inspired by natural biomineralization. Additionally, we offer an in‐depth discussion of cutting‐edge QDs applications across three key areas: high‐sensitivity biosensing for biomarker detection and point‐of‐care diagnostics; bioimaging, including fluorescence, magnetic resonance, and photoacoustic imaging; and intelligent nanocarrier‐based cancer therapeutics, encompassing targeted drug delivery and imaging‐guided precision surgery. Furthermore, this review examines the key challenges and optimization strategies for QDs in biomedical applications, with a particular focus on the critical bottlenecks impeding their clinical translation. By analyzing these barriers and outlining future directions, it aims to provide both theoretical and practical guidance for translating QDs from laboratory‐scale innovations into routine clinical practice.

Background: With the widespread use of novel therapeutic agents, an increasing number of drugs have been confirmed to be associated with interstitial lung disease (ILD). However, real-world evidence regarding ILD reporting signals in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains limited. Methods: We performed a signal mining study using data from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database from Q1 2004 to Q1 2025. Eligible adverse event reports related to ILD in HNSCC patients were included. Disproportionality analysis was performed using the combination of reporting odds ratio (ROR) and information component (IC). Time to onset (TTO) was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Weibull distribution modeling. Results: A total of 513 patients with ILD related to HNSCC treatment in the FAERS database were included. The median age was 68.00 years (IQR 60.00-75.00), the median weight was 56.00kg (IQR 47.80-68.00), and a total of 42 drugs were involved. Based on ROR and IC, three drugs showed definite positive ILD signals: cetuximab [ROR = 1.46 (95%CI: 1.22-1.74), IC = 0.36 (95%CI: 0.12-0.60)], nivolumab [ROR = 1.67 (95%CI: 1.35-2.06), IC = 0.61 (95%CI: 0.30-0.90)], and pembrolizumab [ROR = 2.39 (95%CI: 1.93-2.96), IC = 1.06 (95%CI: 0.74-1.35)]. In addition, etoposide showed a positive ROR [ROR = 4.51 (95%CI: 1.41-14.43)] but a negative IC [IC = 2.11 (95%CI: -0.26-2.72)]. Drug class analysis revealed that anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies [ROR = 1.45 (95%CI: 1.21-1.72), IC = 0.35 (95%CI: 0.11-0.59)] and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors [ROR = 2.14 (95%CI: 1.80-2.54), IC = 0.72 (95%CI: 0.49-0.95)] were classes with positive safety signals for ILD. The median TTO was 32.00 days (IQR 14.00-73.50), α=61.70 (95%CI 52.98-71.85), β=0.83 (95%CI 0.76-0.90), and ILD was mainly characterized by early onset. Conclusion: ILD reports associated with HNSCC treatment were mainly concentrated among anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, with the early treatment stage representing a critical window that warrants strengthened monitoring for ILD in clinical practice. Given spontaneous reporting data, causality cannot be confirmed and further verification is required.