Three-dimensional (3D) printer-based self-healing capsules, embedded in cement composites, were proposed to heal cracks, as they allow for various structural designs of capsules, repeatable fabrication, and strength analysis. Out of many 3D printing methods, such as fusion deposition modeling (FDM), powder layer fusion, and PolyJet printing, FDM was used to design, analyze, and produce new self-healing capsules, which are widely used due to their high-speed, low-cost, and precise manufacturing. However, the PLA extruded in the FDM had low adhesion energy between stacked layers, which caused a degradation of the performance of the self-healing capsule, because it had different strengths depending on the angle between the stacked layers and the applied load within the concrete structure. Therefore, in this paper, specimens were produced, in accordance with ASTM specifications, using the FDM PLA method, and mechanical properties were obtained through tensile, shear, and compression tests. Additionally, the isotropic fracture characteristics of the four types of capsules were analyzed through finite element method analysis. Subsequently, the 3D-printed capsules were produced, and the fracture strength was analyzed in the x, y and z directions of the applied load through a compression test. As a result, the newly proposed capsule design was verified to have an isotropic fracture strength value of 1400% in all directions compared to conventional spherical thin film capsules

The effect of changes in non-solvent coagulation bath temperature on surface properties such as morphology and hydrophilicity were investigated in multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and graphene oxide (GO)-based polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. The properties of pores (size, shape, and number) as well as membrane hydrophilicity were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, optical microscopy, water contact angle, and water flux. Results showed that the pore size increased with an increase in coagulation temperature. The hydrophilic functional groups of the added carbon materials increased the solvent and non-solvent diffusion rate, which significantly increased the number of pores by 700% as compared to pure PVDF. Additionally, these functional groups changed the hydrophobic properties of pure PVDF into hydrophilic properties.

As contaminated water increases due to environmental pollution, the need for excellent water treatment is increased, and several studies have reported the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based water treatment membranes. However, the PVDF membrane has several problems such as low filtration performance, fouling resistance, and difficulty in precisely controlling the morphology of the pores and hydrophilicity. Therefore, we newly produced a water treatment PVDF membrane containing graphene oxide (GO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to improve the filtration performance. Surface properties of the fabricated membrane such as morphology, and size of pores, hydrophilicity, and water flux of the membrane were investigated. Additionally, the performance of these membrane filters was evaluated for free residual chlorine, turbidity, chromaticity, magnesium, sulfate, and particulates class 1 according to drinking water management act criteria, respectively. A performance improvement of at least 108.37% was observed compared to the Pure PVDF filter module and anti-fouling effects due to the functional groups of GO and MWCNTs. These results reveal that proposed membrane can accelerate the development of various water filtration applications.

Studies on self-healing capsules embedded in cement composites to heal such cracks have recently been actively researched in order to improve the dimensional stability of concrete structures. In particular, capsule studies were mainly conducted to separately inject reactive healing solutions into different capsules. However, with this method, there is an important limitation in that the probability of self-healing is greatly reduced because the two healing solutions must meet and react. Therefore, we propose three-dimensional (3D) printer-based self-healing capsules with a membrane structure that allows two healing solutions to be injected into one capsule. Among many 3D printing methods, we used the fusion deposition modeling (FDM) to design, analyze, and produce new self-healing capsules, which are widely used due to their low cost, precise manufacturing, and high-speed. However, polylactic lactic acid (PLA) extruded in the FDM has low adhesion energy between stacked layers, which causes different fracture strengths depending on the direction of the applied load and the subsequent performance degradation of the capsule. Therefore, the isotropic fracture characteristics of the newly proposed four types of separated membrane capsules were analyzed using finite element method analysis. Additionally, capsules were produced using the FDM method, and the compression test was conducted by applying force in the x, y, and z directions. The isotropic fracture strength was also analyzed using the relative standard deviation (RSD) parameter. As a result, the proposed separated membrane capsule showed that the RSD of isotropic fracture strength over all directions fell to about 18% compared to other capsules.

Magneto-rheological gel (MRG) has been the subject of recent research due to its versatile applications. Especially, the magneto-induced electrical properties of MRGs under different levels of magnetic field enables them to be used as magneto-sensors. However, conventional MRG shows a low level of electrical conductivity, complicating its use in sensor applications. In this regard, in the present study, the carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene oxide (GO) are added to fabricate new types of MRG. Herein, four different MRG samples were fabricated with reference to an amount of CNT and GO. The microstructural images of carbonyl iron powder (CIP)-based chain structures with CNT and GO were observed using SEM images. Then, their magneto-induced electrical impedances were investigated under four levels of magnetic field (i.e., 0, 50, 100, and 150 mT) and input frequencies (1, 2, 5, and 10 Hz). Based on the experimental results, three electrical models, including first-order series and parallel, and first- and half-order complex models, were proposed, and their accuracy was examined, showing the highest accuracy when first- and half-order complex models were used. The simulated results indicated that the incorporation of both CNT and GO can improve the magneto-induced electrical sensitivity; thus, it can be concluded that MRG with CNT and GO can be a possible method to be used in magneto-sensor applications.