Benzimidazole fungicides are a class of highly effective, low-toxicity, systemic broad-spectrum fungicides developed in the 1960s and 1970s, based on the fungicidal activity of the benzimidazole ring structure. They exhibit biological activities including anticancer, antibacterial, and antiparasitic effects. Due to their particularly outstanding antibacterial properties, they are widely used in agriculture to prevent and control various plant diseases caused by fungi. The main products of benzimidazole fungicides include benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole, albendazole, thiophanate, thiophanate-methyl, fuberidazole, methyl (1-{[(5-cyanopentyl)amino]carbonyl}-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl) carbamate, and carbendazim salicylate. This article mainly reviews the physicochemical properties, toxicological properties, disease control efficacy, and pesticide residue and detection technologies of the aforementioned nine benzimidazole fungicides and their main metabolite (2-aminobenzimidazole). On this basis, a brief outlook on the future research directions of benzimidazole fungicides is presented.

The essential oils, respectively, from fresh and dried Stropharia rugosoannulata fruiting bodies, an important edible mushroom, have been studied for their chemical composition, antibacterial capacity, and antioxidant activity. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with Kovats retention index. The oils antibacterial test was evaluated by the microdilution method against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and antioxidant activity was determined through DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing power. Twenty-nine components were identified from the fresh mushroom, and the compositions were mainly dominated by hydrocarbons (54.72), acids (32.99), esters (5.07), and terpenic compounds (0.96). Thirty-five components were identified from the dried sample, and acids (31.22), terpenic compounds (28.7), alcohols (12.7), and ketones (10.48) were the major compounds. Strong antibacterial capacity and obvious antioxidant activity were observed for both essential oils from the fresh and dried mushrooms.

Benzimidazole fungicides are a class of highly effective, low-toxicity, systemic broad-spectrum fungicides developed in the 1960s and 1970s, based on the fungicidal activity of the benzimidazole ring structure. They exhibit biological activities including anticancer, antibacterial, and antiparasitic effects. Due to their particularly outstanding antibacterial properties, they are widely used in agriculture to prevent and control various plant diseases caused by fungi. The main products of benzimidazole fungicides include benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole, albendazole, thiophanate, thiophanate-methyl, fuberidazole, carbamic acid, and carbendazim salicylate. This article mainly reviews the physicochemical properties, toxicological properties, and disease control efficacy, and pesticide residue and detection technologies of the aforementioned nine benzimidazole fungicides and their main metabolite (2-aminobenzimidazole). On this basis, a brief outlook on the future research directions of benzimidazole fungicides is presented.

Camelina [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz] seed has long been consumed as a source of food in Canada. But limited information is available concerning the systematical evaluation of the composition, content, and antioxidant activity of Camelina seed polyphenol extract (CSPE). Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify, quantify and evaluate the antioxidant activity of CSPE. The result showed that eight compositions were identified and determined by the UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS² analysis. CSPE has potent free radical scavenging capacity. CSPE treatment significantly increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and glutathione content in a dose-dependent manner in RAW264.7 cells with oxidative injury and also reduced malondialdehyde content (P < 0.01). It may be concluded that CSPE has a strong antioxidant activity as depicted by the in vitro experiments and thus possesses the potential to be developed as food antioxidants or as an ingredient in functional foods. Graphical Abstract

In this study, a validated quality evaluation method with peony flower fingerprint chromatogram combined with simultaneous determination of sixteen bioactive constituents was established using UPLC-DAD-MS/MS. The results demonstrated that the method was stable, reliable, and accurate. The UPLC chemical fingerprints of 12 different varieties of peonies were established and comprehensively evaluated by similarity evaluation (SE), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and quantification analysis. The results of SE indicated that similar chemical components were present in these samples regardless of variety, but there were significant differences in the content of chemical components and material basis characteristics. The results of HCA and PCA showed that 12 varieties of samples were divided into two groups. Four flavonoids (11, 12, 13, and 16), five monoterpenes and their glycosides (3, 4, 6, 14, and 15), three tannins (7, 9, and 10), three phenolic acids (1, 2, and 5), and one aromatic acid (8) were identified from sixteen common peaks by standards and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). The simultaneous quantification of six types of components was conducted with the 12 samples, it was found that the sum contents of analytes varied obviously for peony flower samples from different varieties. The content of flavonoids, tannins, and monoterpenes (≥19.34 mg/g) was the highest, accounting for more than 78.45% of the total compounds. The results showed that the flavonoids, tannins, and monoterpenes were considered to be the key indexes in the classification and quality assessment of peony flower. The UPLC-DAD-MS/MS method coupled with multiple compounds determination and fingerprint analysis can be effectively applied as a feature distinguishing method to evaluate the compounds in peony flower raw material for product quality assurance in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Moreover, this study provides ideas for future research and the improvement of products by these industries.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, with ferroptosis emerging as critical pathogenic mechanisms. Recent evidence suggests that STING activation can induce neuronal ferroptosis through autophagic degradation of GPX4. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), a naturally occurring bile acid, has demonstrated neuroprotective properties through activation of Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5). However, whether TCDCA can improve PD by modulating the cGAS-STING-ferroptosis axis remains unexplored. We investigated the effects of TCDCA treatment on motor function, dopaminergic neuronal survival, oxidative stress markers, ferroptosis-related proteins (GPX4, SLC7A11, ACSL4), and cGAS-STING signaling components in the substantia nigra of male mice subjected to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) administration and in MPP⁺-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Behavioral assessments demonstrated that TCDCA significantly improved motor dysfunction in both open field and pole tests. TCDCA treatment markedly increased tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons and reduced oxidative stress markers including malondialdehyde and ferrous iron levels while restoring superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione content in the substantia nigra. Results showed that TCDCA upregulated TGR5 expression and concurrently suppressed cGAS and STING activation in both in vivo and in vitro PD models. Importantly, TCDCA treatment significantly enhanced the expression of anti-ferroptotic proteins GPX4 and SLC7A11 while reducing pro-ferroptotic ACSL4. These neuroprotective effects were associated with TGR5 upregulation and cGAS-STING pathway suppression. Our findings demonstrate that TCDCA alleviates PD-related neurodegeneration by inhibiting cGAS-STING-mediated ferroptosis through TGR5 activation, suggesting that TCDCA holds promise as a candidate drug for the treatment of PD.