Viticulture is a sector very sensitive to climate change. Observed and expected changes in temperature and precipitation can change the conditions necessary for viticulture in a particular area or make these conditions totally unsuitable for viticulture. Precipitation (water availability) and air temperature are the key meteorological parameters regulating the quality of grapes and wine. We used an ensemble of model data from the CMIP6 project to evaluate all possible changes in water availability in the area around Sevastopol by the middle and the end of the 21st century for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5). The hydrothermal coefficient and dryness index have been used to evaluate the water availability. The results have shown that, based on the indices values, viticulture in the study region will be possible without irrigation, but, at the same time, the vines may experience a certain level of dryness.

Climate is a limiting factor in viticulture, as it defines favorable areas, grape cultivars, and agrotechnical activities. In the Sevastopol region, viticulture is the main and promising agricultural branch. Using the outputs of the regional climate models from the CORDEX project, the projections of agroclimatic conditions in the Sevastopol region for two future periods (2021–2045 and 2046–2070) under two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) were obtained. The results in our study show the trend of temperature indices rise (average growing season temperature, effective heat sum, Winkler and Huglin indices) and the region’s transition to higher classes, especially during the second future period (2046–2070). However, despite the higher temperature indices, the Sevastopol region will remain suitable for the growing of grapes cultivars with all ripening periods.

The harvest and quality of vineyards are determined by the climatic conditions of the region. Viticulture is a promising avenue in the agricultural sector of the Sevastopol region. In this study, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the orographic and climatic conditions and microclimate zoning to optimize the placement of vineyards. Meteorological data (air temperature and precipitation) for the period 1985–2018 were used to assess heat and hydration conditions and to calculate agroclimatic indices for a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of the observed climate change on viticulture. The observed upward trends in heliothermic indices and downward trends in precipitation change the conditions and cause a shift in grape-suitable zones. Based on heat supply and frost resistance, microclimatic zoning of the territory was carried out and 13 ecotopes were identified, for each of the grape varieties that were recommended. Our study indicates that the agroclimatic conditions of the Sevastopol region make it possible to grow grape varieties from very early to late ripening.

The work is aimed at identifying the relationship between agroecological conditions and the formation of carbohydrate-acid and phenolic grape complexes. The agro-climatic parameters of 14 cv. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ industrial vineyards located in five wine-growing regions of Crimea have been determined using the methods of geoinformation and mathematical modeling. According to the similarity of 9 agro-climatic characteristics, the vineyards are united into 6 clusters, significantly different from each other. The dispersion of the main and secondary metabolites of grapes, as well as technological indicators based on them in the harvest from the selected clusters, has been established. According to the combined mass concentration of anthocyanins in berries, potential amount of extractable anthocyanins, anthocyanin extractability, monophenolmonooxygenase activity, glucoacidimetric index and grape ripeness index the selected vineyard clusters are discriminated with Wilks L. = 0.09 at α<0.00001. Sugar content, active acidity index, glucoacidimetric index, and grape ripeness index were found to correlate inversely with the amount of precipitation during the growing season; anthocyanin extractability correlates directly with the Huglin and Winkler indices; monophenolmonooxygenase activity with the sum of active temperatures above 10 °C, Huglin index, total precipitation per year and growing season.

An increase in ambient temperature affects the quality of wines, which is largely due to a change in the metabolism of phenolic substances in grapes. A possible solution to the problem is the use of autochthonous varieties adapted to unfavorable conditions. The influence of agroecological conditions of 4 vineyards on the phenolic complex of the Crimean grape variety ‘Kokur Belyi’ has been studied. Methods of geoinformation and mathematical modeling, HPLC were used. It is established: vineyards differ in heat resources in the row: Vilino < Privetnoe < Solnechnaya Dolina < Morskoe. An increase in the heat supply of territories caused the accumulation of phenolic acids, flavonols, (+)-D-catechine and procyanidins B4 in grape seeds and a decrease in the content of phenolic acids, (-)-epicatechine, procyanidins B3 in skin and pulp. The highest content of procyanidins in seeds and the lowest content of monomeric phenolic components in skin and pulp was determined in grapes from the village of Morskoye. Grapes from Vilino contain 3.7 times less procyanidins in the seeds, 6.5 and 3.6 times more monomeric components in the skin and pulp. Conclusion: the heat supply of vineyards contributes to both the biosynthesis of monomeric phenolic components and their polymerization during the ripening of grapes, leads to a significant differentiation of the phenolic complex of grapes ‘Kokur Belyi’.