Ship exhaust emission is the main cause of coastal air pollution, leading to premature death from cardiovascular cancer and lung cancer. In light of public health and climate change concerns, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and several governments are reinforcing policies to use clean ship fuels. In January 2020, the IMO reduced the acceptable sulfur content in ship fuel to 0.5% m/m (mass/mass) for sustainability. The use of liquified natural gas (LNG) as a ship fuel is currently the most likely measure to meet this regulation, and LNG bunkering infrastructure investment and network planning are underway worldwide. Therefore, the aim of this study is to predict the LNG bunkering demand for investment and planning. So far, however, there has been little quantitative analysis of LNG bunkering demand prediction. In this study, first, the global LNG bunkering demand was predicted using meta-regression analysis. Global demand for LNG bunkering is forecast to increase from 16.6 million tons in 2025 to 53.2 million tons in 2040. Second, LNG bunkering prediction by country and region was performed through analogy and artificial intelligence methods. The information and insights gained from this study may facilitate policy implementation and investments.

An, S. and Takewaka, S., 0000. A study on the morphological characteristics around artificial headlands in Kashima Coast, Japan. Field observations with X-band marine radars of spatiotemporal variations of morphology around three artificial headlands were done along a well-developed 16-km-long sandy beach in 2010. The radar images were time averaged and stacked to identify water- and breaker lines around the headlands. Various characteristics of the shoreline variations were analyzed by the empirical orthogonal function method. Seasonal characteristics were discussed with seasonal incident waves and were attributed to seasonal wave conditions. Spatial variations were categorized into an asynchronous or synchronous pattern and were associated with a surf zone extension. Locations of breaker lines relative to the tips of the headlands were categorized into four types and related to the shoreline variabilities, revealing that the surf zone extension was the dominant influence on the synchronization ...