In recent years, enzymes have risen as promising therapeutic tools for different pathologies, from metabolic deficiencies, such as fibrosis conditions, ocular pathologies or joint problems, to cancer or cardiovascular diseases. Treatments based on the catalytic activity of enzymes are able to convert a wide range of target molecules to restore the correct physiological metabolism. These treatments present several advantages compared to established therapeutic approaches thanks to their affinity and specificity properties. However, enzymes present some challenges, such as short in vivo half-life, lack of targeted action and, in particular, patient immune system reaction against the enzyme. For this reason, it is important to monitor serum immune response during treatment. This can be achieved by conventional techniques (ELISA) but also by new promising tools such as microarrays. These assays have gained popularity due to their high-throughput analysis capacity, their simplicity, and their potential to monitor the immune response of patients during enzyme therapies. In this growing field, research is still ongoing to solve current health problems such as COVID-19. Currently, promising therapeutic alternatives using the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) are being studied to treat COVID-19.

In eukaryotic cells, genomes from incoming DNA viruses mount two opposing reactions, viral gene expression and innate immune response, depending on genome exposure (uncoating) to either RNA-polymerases or DNA sensors. Here we show that adenovirus particles contain a tunable linchpin protein with a dual function: response to host cues for scheduled DNA release into the nucleus, and innate immunity suppression by preventing unscheduled DNA release. Scheduled DNA release required the proteasome and ubiquitination of the viral core protein V. Cells lacking the E3 ligase Mind bomb 1 (Mib1) were resistant to wild-type adenovirus infection. Viruses lacking protein V or bearing non-ubiquitinable protein V, however, readily infected Mib1 knockout cells, yet were less infectious than wild-type virus. Their genomes were poorly imported into the nucleus and remained uncoated in the cytosol, thereby enhancing chemokine and interferon production through the DNA sensor cGAS. Our data uncover how the ubiquitin-proteasome system controls the function of a virion linchpin protein suppressing pathogen-associated molecular patterns and triggers viral DNA uncoating at the nuclear pore complex for nuclear import and infection.