Atrial fibrillation (AF) and flutter affect more than 33 million people worldwide.¹ The presence of chronic AF confers a 3-fold increased risk of stroke, and stroke in patients with AF is associated with a longer hospital stay, greater disability, and increased mortality compared with other types of ischemic stroke.²

Objective: To summarize the 2010 EFNS/MDS‐ES evidence‐based treatment recommendations for the management of Parkinson's disease (PD). This summary includes the treatment recommendations for early and late PD.Methods: For the 2010 publication, a literature search was undertaken for articles published up to September 2009. For this summary, an additional literature search was undertaken up to December 2010. Classification of scientific evidence and the rating of recommendations were made according to the EFNS guidance. In cases where there was insufficient scientific evidence, a consensus statement (‘good practice point’) is made.Results and Conclusions: For each clinical indication, a list of therapeutic interventions is provided, including classification of evidence.

Patients with Parkinson disease (PD) often complain of painful sensations that may involve body parts affected and unaffected by dystonia.^1-7 Pain in nondystonic body parts may have cramping and arthralgic features, as well as features of peripheral or central neuropathic pain.^1,6 The high frequency of these pain disorders in the general population makes it hard to establish whether pain is more frequent among people with PD than among age-matched controls. Although the 3 pertinent controlled studies (1 published in abstract form alone)^5-7 found a higher frequency of pain among PD patients than among controls, they provided inconclusive results, owing to limitations in study design. Most important, they failed to distinguish between dystonic and nondystonic pain, used as controls a relatively small group of participants with diseases who may not have fully represented the variable of interest in the source population, and did not take into account the time between pain and PD onset.^5,6 Finally, 2 of 3 studies focused on back pain alone.^5,6