Periodontitis is a common inflammatory periodontal disease affecting a wide range of population all over the world. The causing bacteria releases chemicals which activate the innate immune system to release proinflammatory cytokines contributing to more progression. This activates the acquired immune system leading to more progression of periodontitis. As the immune response goes on, released cytokines and chemokines can damage the periodontal ligaments, gingiva, and alveolar bone. There are many types of cytokines and chemokines in periodontitis. Cytokines are peptide mediators who are responsible for cell signaling and communication. Chemokines are a large subfamily of cytokines having the ability to coordinate leukocyte recruitment and activation. This paper is a narrative review of the literature.This review ensures that inflammatory mediators in the case of periodontitis can cause a noticeable damage in the whole apparatus of the periodontium. It causes soft tissue inflammation and bone damage affected by the mediators of both innate and acquired immune system.The inflammatory process is accompanied by large network of cytokines and chemokines. There is high expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and regulatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-1(RA) receptor antagonist, IL-10, and induced protein (IP)-10. There is also increased production of cytokines IL-10, IL-12, interferon-γ, IP-10, IL-1RA, and IL-4. Cytokines IL-17, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and prostaglandin E₂ trigger the osteoclast activity causing bone resorption.

Oral health problems may have numerous effects on general health, including physical fitness and performance. In this review, we aimed to systematically review the available evidence to assess the effect of oral health on general physical fitness. We systematically performed a literature search in two different databases (PUBMED and EMBASE) without restriction to the year of publication. Articles were included if the subjects were humans and the primary aim was to assess the effects of dental and/or oral health problems on physical activity using either objective physical measurements or physical performance tests. The quality of the studies was then assessed using a Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal tool. A total of 2651 articles were initially retrieved from the systematic search of the literature. Of these, a final total of 11 articles following the inclusion criteria were included in the review. All of the 11 articles included in the review had good methodological quality. Of the 11 articles, ten articles suggested a correlation between dental and oral condition toward physical fitness, body balance, cardiorespiratory function, and also cognitive function. Only one article found contradictory results, which showed that periodontal conditions did not correlate with the cardiorespiratory function. Malocclusion, including the number of remaining teeth, was reported in five studies (45.4%), periodontal disease was evaluated in six studies (54.5%), along with slight evaluation of periapical inflammation. This review suggests that there is a negative effect of poor dental and/or oral health on physical fitness and performance.

Previous meta-analyses of root caries incidence and increment studies reported different estimates due to the limited number of studies, heterogeneity and variations in studies included. Currently, new publications and approaches to handle heterogeneity are available. This research aims to systematically review and meta-analyse root caries incidence and increment, and use meta-regression to analyse heterogeneity. PUBMED and EMBASE databases were searched systematically. Longitudinal studies on root caries incidence and increment, published in English language prior to 2017, were independently checked by two authors. A pooled incidence and increment of decayed/filled root surfaces (DFS) was estimated and meta-regression analysis was performed by length of follow-up (<2 years; 2years; 3-4years and ≥5years) and study type (observational population-based and clinical trial). Of 737 articles, 20 were included for meta-analysis. The annualised root caries incidence and increment were 18.25%[CI = 13.22%-23.28%] and 0.45[CI = 0.37-0.53] root DFS respectively. Length of follow-up influenced the estimates, but not the study type. The annual root DFS incidence and increment from studies <2years were 32.95%[CI = 29.13%-36.77%] and 0.64[CI = 0.38-0.89] root surfaces respectively. Studies with 5+years follow-up, the annualised root caries incidence and increment were 9.4%[CI = 3.32%-15.48%] and 0.43[CI = 0.21-0.64] root surfaces respectively. Length of follow-up influenced root caries estimates due to a bias towards relatively healthier older adults retained in the study. Root caries increased over time even among the healthier older adults. The increase in root caries, even among the healthier older adults, should be considered by both clinicians and healthcare planners/policy makers in their provision of services.

Halitosis is a common condition that adversely affects quality of life. Through YouTube, people access oral health information. This study aimed to analyze the quality and comprehensiveness of the content, and reliability of halitosis videos hosted on YouTube. In total, 300 videos were collected based on three search keywords, and the number of likes, dislikes, views, duration, interaction index, viewing rate, and source category. Subsequently, the video score, which represents the content quality and comprehensiveness was used to categorize videos as poor, good, and excellent. DISCERN score was used to assess video reliability. Of the 105 videos analyzed, 68 (64.8%) were uploaded by personal users. In general, videos were categorized as poor and have low reliability. Videos sourced from healthcare professionals showed the highest quality, comprehensiveness of the content, and reliability (p < 0.05). There was no difference in the number of viewers for video duration less than or more than 4 min (p > 0.05). YouTube users prefer low-quality videos over high-quality ones, indicating that viewers cannot differentiate between reliable and potentially biased content. It is critical to enable viewers to critically assimilate information hosted on YouTube to make effective oral healthcare decisions.

Objectives: This study aims to report the prevalence and distribution of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) among Indonesian adults and to test the relationship between symptom of depression and RAS.Methods: Data from the 2007 Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS 2007) were analysed to assess the association between symptom of depression and RAS. The prevalence of RAS in the previous month was self‐reported. Symptom of depression was measured using the 10‐item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES‐D) scale. The distribution of RAS according to age, sex and level of stress was also presented in the bivariate analysis. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to test associations between symptom of depression and RAS, controlling for age, sex and the stress level.Results: The previous month prevalence of RAS in Indonesian population was 12%. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) from the logistic regression models indicate that, for each unit increase in the CES‐D depression score (range: 0–30), there was a 9% increase in the odds of having RAS (OR: 1.09, 95%CI: 1.08–1.10). Being older and being male was related with lower prevalence of RAS.Conclusions: A higher score of depression was related to a higher prevalence of RAS. This association was persistent even after controlling for age, sex and the level of stress.

Aim: To assess the prevalence of dental caries among autism spectrum disorders (ASD) children in Surabaya, Indonesia, and to explore the association between oral health-related behaviors comprising toothbrushing, snacking and dental visiting and the severity of caries. Methods: The prevalence and severity of caries were assessed using DMF-T/dmf-t and PUFA/pufa indexes for mixed dentitions. The parents or carers’ responses were collected to identify the oral health-related behaviors that were associated with caries severity. Results: This study shows that almost 79% of ASD children in Surabaya were experiencing caries and 47.1% had untreated caries with pulp involvement or more severe conditions. Oral health behaviour factors associated with the severity of dental caries experienced by children with autism were brushing frequency (B [95% CI] =2.46 [0.09–4.83] and 2.03 [0.78–3.28]), brushing time (B [95% CI] =3.76 [1.32–6.20] and 2.03 [0.74–3.32]) and cleansing after snack (B [95% CI] = 2.04 [0.20–3.89] and 1.21 [0.23–2.18]) in DMF-T/dmf-t and PUFA/pufa indexes, respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of caries among children with autism in Surabaya was high. The severity was associated with brushing and snacking behaviors. Caries in children with autism should be paid attention, and research in modifying daily activities are needed to allow them to adopt more healthy oral health-related behaviors.