This article presents the design methodology for a bidirectional CLLC resonant converter with dual resonant frequencies for charging a wide range of battery voltages. The proposed design method improves the battery-charging voltage range by operating at two resonant frequencies with constant current and constant voltage regardless of load variations. Furthermore, the proposed design method improves the conversion efficiency and simplifies the controller because it operates at fixed resonant frequencies. To validate the proposed design method, a 3.6-kW experimental prototype is configured. Experimental results show that compared with the conventional method, the proposed design method improves the efficiency by approximately 3.13% under light load conditions, and the measured maximum efficiency in the charging and discharging modes is 98.04% and 98.05%, respectively.

Compared with plugged-in chargers, wireless power transfer (WPT) systems for battery chargers have numerous advantages, e.g., safety, efficiency, and convenience. To satisfy the important wireless charging requirements of efficiency and safety of the battery, this paper proposes a constant current/voltage (CC/CV) charging compensation topology with near-communication based on receiving-side hybrid topology switching, which is unaffected by the dynamic loads. The proposed hybrid topology is systematically analyzed by using the M-mode, and the system parameters are designed to satisfy the constraints of zero phase angle (ZPA) and the specified CC output. In the CV mode, one shunt capacitor is employed to the compensation topology for the CV output and ZPA realization. Both the CC and CV modes are operated under the conditions of zero voltage switching (ZVS) for reducing the loss of the WPT systems. The proposed hybrid compensation topology is controlled by the receiving side and does not require real-time communication to avoid sophisticated control logic. Finally, a 1.1-kW experimental prototype charger based on DS-LCC and LCC-S topologies was established to verify the charging performance of the proposed WPT systems. The maximum efficiency of the proposed WPT charger was found to be approximately 91%. The experimental results were consistent with those of the theoretical analysis.

The inductive power transfer (IPT) method is an emerging charging technology that has some advantages over traditional plug-in systems. For example, it is safer, more convenient, and efficient, leading to its widespread acceptance. To design an IPT charger capable of providing a load-independent output, this paper proposes a secondary side-controlled hybrid-compensated topology used in the IPT system to charge the battery with a constant current/voltage output. According to an analysis of the Π-type network, effectively using the existing configuration compensation parameters and adding two AC switches to perform hybrid-topology switching reduces the system’s passive components. Additionally, the proposed IPT charger can easily realize zero-voltage switching. The secondary side-based control omits wireless communication links. Moreover, the control strategy is relatively simple, enhancing the system’s reliability. We designed a 1.4 kW experimental prototype with a 15 cm air gap between the transmitter and receiver to verify the proposed hybrid-compensated IPT system’s feasibility.

This article proposes a novel integrated on-board charger (OBC) and low-voltage dc–dc converter (LDC) system with flux path reconfiguration for electric vehicles. By reconfiguring the topology, the proposed integrated system can operate as a bidirectional OBC and LDC under a wide voltage range without requiring additional switches and complex control methods. The proposed integrated OBC-LDC system improves the power density by integrating active switches and transformers. Moreover, it inherently mitigates the problem of unintended voltage on the input dc-link capacitor by the multiwinding transformer through magnetic flux path reconfiguration without additional relays and control methods. To validate the proposed integrated system, a prototype with a 3.3-kW OBC and 1.5-kW LDC is configured. The experimental results demonstrate maximum efficiencies of 98.42%, 98.57%, and 93.22% in the grid-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-grid, and LDC modes, respectively.

The development of osteogenic biomaterials relies on updates in research methodologies. Establishing reasonable modes is the basis for obtaining reliable experimental conclusions. With the advancement in bone immunology, osteoimmunomodulatory properties have become one of the crucial indexes for evaluating osteogenic biomaterials. Summarizing the current models of bone immunomodulation is beneficial for optimizing experimental protocols and promoting the clinical application of osteogenic biomaterials. In this review, we introduced the crosstalk between the skeletal system and the immune system, in particular, the roles of different immune cells in the process of bone regeneration. Moreover, the mechanisms of osteogenic biomaterials in regulating the osteoimmune microenvironment were analyzed, followed by summarizing the benefits and limitations of current osteoimmunomodulation models in evaluating osteogenic biomaterials. Finally, we discussed the expected future directions of the applications of osteoimmunomodulation models.