Objective: We aimed to determine the effects of prehabilitation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on muscle status and exercise capacity in patients before cardiac surgery. Methods: Preoperative elective cardiac surgery patients were randomly assigned to the NMES group or control group. Intervention in the NMES group was 7–10 sessions, whereas the control group carried out breathing exercises and an educational program. The outcome measures included a six-minute walk test (6MWT) and a muscle status assessment (knee extensor strength (KES), knee flexor strength (KFS), and handgrip strength (HS)) after the course of prehabilitation. Results: A total of 122 patients (NMES, n = 62; control, n = 60) completed the study. During the NMES course, no complications occurred. After the course prehabilitation KES, KFS, and 6MWT distance were significantly increased (all p < 0.001) in the NMES group compared to the control. There was no significant difference in HS before surgery. Conclusions: A short-term NMES course before cardiac surgery is feasible, safe, and effective to improve preoperative functional capacity (six-minute walk distance) and the strength of stimulated muscles.

The aim of this study was to evaluate Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI) and increased arterial stiffness predictors in patients with carbohydrate metabolism disorders (CMD) in the population sample of Russian Federation. Methods: 1617 patients (age 25–64 years) were enrolled in an observational cross-sectional study Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Risk Factors in the Regions of the Russian Federation (ESSE-RF). The standard ESSE-RF protocol has been extended to measure the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), a marker of arterial stiffness. Patients were divided into three groups: patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 272), patients with prediabetes (n = 44), and persons without CMD (n = 1301). Results: Median CAVI was higher in diabetes and prediabetes groups compared with group without CMD (p = 0.009 and p < 0.001, respectively). Elevated CAVI (≥9.0) was detected in 16.8% of diabetes patients, in 15.9% of those with prediabetes, and in 9.0% of those without CMD (p < 0.001). The factors affecting on CAVI did not differ in CVD groups. In logistic regression the visceral obesity, increasing systolic blood pressure (SBP) and decreasing glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were associated with a pathological CAVI in CMD patients, and age, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and cholesterol in persons without CMD. Conclusions: the CAVI index values in the prediabetes and diabetes patients were higher than in normoglycemic persons in a population sample of the Russian Federation. Since the identified disorders of arterial stiffness in prediabetes are similar to those in diabetes, their identification is important to prevent further cardiovascular complications.

ПРЕДОПЕРАЦИОННЫЙ СТАТУС И ГОСПИТАЛЬНЫЕ ОСЛОЖНЕНИЯ КОРОНАРНОГО ШУНТИРОВАНИЯ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ПРЕДИАБЕТОМ И САХАРНЫМ ДИАБЕТОМ 2 ТИПА

The review discusses myocardial revascularization in patients with coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes. The data presented include findings from recent research and international and national recommendations and provides evidence on the advantages of coronary artery bypass surgery over percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with diabetes mellitus, stable coronary artery disease and multiple coronary artery lesions. Type 2 diabetes remains a significant predictor of adverse long-term outcomes of coronary artery bypass surgery. Therefore, we review studies showing that different strategies of coronary revascularization and preoperative preparation can affect the results of coronary intervention in patients with diabetes.

Background: The management of coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) who need myocardial revascularization is a great challenge. Aims: To study the role of newly diagnosed T2DM in the development of in-hospital adverse outcomes after coronary artery surgery (CABG). Methods: 708 consecutive patients underwent CABG were included. All patients without history of T2DM and with border fasting hyperglycemia underwent an oral glucose tolerance test. Results: The screening allowed to diagnose T2DM in 8.9% and prediabetes in 10.4% of the study population. The the number of patients with T2DM increased from 15.2% to 24.1%, and with prediabetes from 3.0% to 13.4%. The total number of patients with carbohydrate metabolism disorders increased from 18.2% to 37.5%. The trend towards higher rate of in-hospital complications after CABG was defined among patients with newly diagnosed and previously diagnosed T2DM. The regression analysis demonstrated the presence of the relationships between the previously diagnosed T2DM and the total number of significant complications (odds ratio (OR) 1.350, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0571.723, p=0.020) and prolonged in-hospital stay (OR 1.609, 95%CI 1.2022.155, p=0.001). The significance of these relationships increased with the addition of newly diagnosed T2DM to the regression model (for in-hospital complications: OR 1.731, 95% CI 1.1312.626, p=0.012; for prolonged in-hospital stay: OR 2.229, 95%CI 1.4123.519, p0.001). Moreover, additional associations between T2DM and the risk of developing multiple organ dysfunction (OR 2.911, 95% CI 1.0727.901, p=0.039), urgent lower extremity surgery (OR 1.638, 95%CI 1.00915.213, p=0.020) and the need for extracorporeal correction of hemostasis (OR 3.472, 95%CI 1.04211.556, p=0.044) have been defined. Importantly, the presence of these associations would not have been identified without including newly diagnosed DM in the regression model. Conclusion: The newly diagnosed T2DM affects the prognosis of CABG as well as the previously diagnosed T2DM. The obtained results suggest the importance of active preoperative T2DM screening.

Цель. Выявить факторы риска больших сердечно-сосудистых событий (БССС) в отдаленном периоде КШ при наличии СД 2. Материал и методы. Проспективное наблюдение 324 пациентов с ИБС, подвергшихся КШ. Пациенты разделены на 2 группы: 148 пациентов с СД 2 типа (медиана возраста — 58 лет, медиана срока отдаленного наблюдения — 1,8 года), 176 пациентов без СД и других нарушений углеводного обмена (медиана возраста — 58 лет, медиана срока наблюдения — 1,7 года). В качестве отдаленных БССС учитывались ИМ, ОНМК, сердечно-сосудистая смерть. Определение свободы от БССС проводилось по методу множительных оценок Каплана-Майера. Для выявления факторов риска БССС использовалась логистическая регрессия. Результаты. Пациенты обеих групп были сравнимы по возрасту (р=0,211), медиане срока отдаленного наблюдения (р=0,132). У пациентов с СД 2 чаще имели место БССС (14,2% и 6,3%, соответственно, р=0,028). По методу Каплана-Майера построены кривые свободы от БССС в изучаемых группах, тестом Гехана-Вилкоксона выявлены различия (р=0,013). СССП в отдаленном периоде КШ имела место у четырех пациентов с СД (2,7%) и у двух — без СД (1,1%), р=0,529. По результатам многофакторного анализа предикторами БССС стали СД 2 типа (ОШ 3,30795% ДИ 1,372-7,968, р=0,007), женский пол (ОШ 2,75295% ДИ 1,074-7,049, р=0,034), независимо от возраста и почечной функции. Вероятность БССС в отдаленном периоде возрастала при увеличении длительности ИК (ОШ 1,14595% ДИ 1,024-1,280, р=0,016 ) и при снижении ФВ ЛЖ (ОШ 1,04395% ДИ 1,001-1,087, р=0,041). При наличии периферического атеросклероза риск отдаленных БССС увеличивался в 5,5 раз (ОШ 5,53995% ДИ 1,564-19,620, р=0,007) независимо от пола, возраста, ФВ ЛЖ, СКФ, приема статинов. Уровень глюкозы натощак при поступлении в стационар после КШ также оказался независимым предиктором БССС (ОШ 1,144, р=0,037). Заключение. Независимыми предикторами БССС в отдаленном периоде КШ являются СД 2, женский пол, наличие периферического атеросклероза, длительность ИК, а также ФВ ЛЖ и уровень гликемии до операции.