Metal–organic framework precursors were employed to fabricate single-atom catalysts, where Fe implanted nitrogen-doped carbon (Fe ₁ -N-C) exhibits excellent performance for electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction in acidic media.

Heterogeneous molecular catalysts built from β-substituted cobalt porphyrins and carbon nanotubes afford tunable activity for H ₂ O ₂ synthesis via the two-electron transfer oxygen reduction reaction.

A Ti-based MOF with long-lived Ti³⁺ can achieve dark photocatalysis. The different groups on the organic linker modulate electron storage ability and the lifetime of Ti³⁺, significantly regulating dark photocatalytic activity in H₂ production.