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Dr. Mohammad Rehan
Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

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0 Nanomaterials
0 Pyrolysis
0 Waste-to-Energy
0 solid waste management
0 Biofuels and bioenergy

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Pyrolysis
Waste-to-Energy
solid waste management
Waste biorefineries
Biofuels and bioenergy
Nanomaterials

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Editorial
Published: 16 August 2021 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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This virtual special issue published in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews contains 25 high-quality selected extended papers presented at the HERAKLION 2019 7th International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management held in Heraklion, Crete in Greece from 26th to June 29, 2019. The articles published in this special issue focus on recent developments in sustainable waste-to-energy systems and waste management practices and highlight the critical challenges and potential solutions. The editorial paper aims to give a brief overview of the key findings and future perspectives proposed in these 25 selected papers. It is worth noting that although the articles presented in this special issue covered a wider range of topics, they are categorized into five categories. These include the latest developments in 1) waste-to-energy technologies, 2) biofuels and bioenergy, 3) waste valorization, 4) emerging renewable and sustainable energy systems, and finally, 5) biorefineries and circular economy.

ACS Style

Maria Loizidou; Konstantinos Moustakas; Mohammad Rehan; Abdul-Sattar Nizami; Meisam Tabatabaei. New developments in sustainable waste-to-energy systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2021, 151, 111581 .

AMA Style

Maria Loizidou, Konstantinos Moustakas, Mohammad Rehan, Abdul-Sattar Nizami, Meisam Tabatabaei. New developments in sustainable waste-to-energy systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2021; 151 ():111581.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Loizidou; Konstantinos Moustakas; Mohammad Rehan; Abdul-Sattar Nizami; Meisam Tabatabaei. 2021. "New developments in sustainable waste-to-energy systems." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 151, no. : 111581.

Journal article
Published: 24 May 2021 in Fuel
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Black liquor (BL) rich phenolic and complex compounds is generated from pulp and paper mill manufacturing processes which should be treated before reaching the environment. The potential of achieving several sustainable development goals (SDGs) by recovering energy and valuable by-products from BL was extensively investigated. Results revealed that under a dark-fermentation process, the organic content in BL was effectively bio-degraded by anaerobes to achieve a hydrogen yield (HY) of 0.62 ± 0.04 mol/molglucose. Fortunately, the HY was significantly increased up to 1.41 ± 0.13 mol/molglucose by immobilizing the anaerobes onto magnetite nanoparticles (MN). α-amylase, xylanase, CM-cellulase, polygalacturinase, and protease enzymes activities were increased by 2.3, 23.7, 2.7, 26.8, and 31.1 folds with supplementation of MN. Moreover, the conversion efficiencies of protein and carbohydrate were improved by values of 36 and 113.3% and total phenolic compounds (TPC) were enhanced by 23.5% compared with the control test. Electron-equivalent and COD mass balances were estimated to comprehensively describe the effect of Mn supplementation on the HY performance and fermentation pathways. Digestate generated from the fermentation process was utilized to produce biochar, having C (58.2%), O (32.4%), Na (4.7%), and P (1.1%). The study outputs were interlinked to bio-energy generation, pollution minimization, biochar as a soil amendment, nanoparticles and paper manufacturing industrialization, meeting environmental, economic, and social related SDGs.

ACS Style

Mahmoud Nasr; Ahmed Tawfik; Hanem.M. Awad; Aida Galal; Mohamed El-Qelish; Muhammad Abdul Qyyum; Muhammad Mumtaz Ali Khan; Mohammad Rehan; Abdul-Sattar Nizami; Moonyong Lee. Dual production of hydrogen and biochar from industrial effluent containing phenolic compounds. Fuel 2021, 301, 121087 .

AMA Style

Mahmoud Nasr, Ahmed Tawfik, Hanem.M. Awad, Aida Galal, Mohamed El-Qelish, Muhammad Abdul Qyyum, Muhammad Mumtaz Ali Khan, Mohammad Rehan, Abdul-Sattar Nizami, Moonyong Lee. Dual production of hydrogen and biochar from industrial effluent containing phenolic compounds. Fuel. 2021; 301 ():121087.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mahmoud Nasr; Ahmed Tawfik; Hanem.M. Awad; Aida Galal; Mohamed El-Qelish; Muhammad Abdul Qyyum; Muhammad Mumtaz Ali Khan; Mohammad Rehan; Abdul-Sattar Nizami; Moonyong Lee. 2021. "Dual production of hydrogen and biochar from industrial effluent containing phenolic compounds." Fuel 301, no. : 121087.

Journal article
Published: 29 April 2021 in Energies
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Pyrolysis behavior of ionic liquid (IL) pretreated coal and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) blends through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was studied. Three blends of coal and SCB having 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 ratios by weight were treated with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Emim][Cl]) at 150 °C for 3 h. Untreated and IL treated blends were then analyzed under pyrolytic conditions in a TGA at a constant ramp rate of 20 °C/min. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated using ten Coats-Redfern (CR) models to assess reaction mechanism. Results showed that the untreated blends followed a definite pattern and were proportional to the concentration of SCB in the blends. IL treated blends exhibited a higher average rate of degradation and total weight loss, indicating that IL had disrupted the cross-linking structure of coal and lignocellulosic structure of SCB. This will enhance the energy generation potential of biomass through thermochemical conversion processes. The lower activation energy (Ea) was calculated for IL treated blends, revealing facile thermal decomposition after IL treatment. Thermodynamic parameters, enthalpy change (ΔH), Gibbs free energy change (ΔG), and entropy change (ΔS), revealed that the pyrolysis reactions were endothermic. This study would help in designing optimized thermochemical conversion systems for energy generation.

ACS Style

Saad Saeed; Mahmood Saleem; Abdullah Durrani; Junaid Haider; Muzaffar Riaz; Sana Saeed; Muhammad Qyyum; Abdul-Sattar Nizami; Mohammad Rehan; Moonyong Lee. Determination of Kinetic and Thermodynamic Parameters of Pyrolysis of Coal and Sugarcane Bagasse Blends Pretreated by Ionic Liquid: A Step towards Optimization of Energy Systems. Energies 2021, 14, 2544 .

AMA Style

Saad Saeed, Mahmood Saleem, Abdullah Durrani, Junaid Haider, Muzaffar Riaz, Sana Saeed, Muhammad Qyyum, Abdul-Sattar Nizami, Mohammad Rehan, Moonyong Lee. Determination of Kinetic and Thermodynamic Parameters of Pyrolysis of Coal and Sugarcane Bagasse Blends Pretreated by Ionic Liquid: A Step towards Optimization of Energy Systems. Energies. 2021; 14 (9):2544.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saad Saeed; Mahmood Saleem; Abdullah Durrani; Junaid Haider; Muzaffar Riaz; Sana Saeed; Muhammad Qyyum; Abdul-Sattar Nizami; Mohammad Rehan; Moonyong Lee. 2021. "Determination of Kinetic and Thermodynamic Parameters of Pyrolysis of Coal and Sugarcane Bagasse Blends Pretreated by Ionic Liquid: A Step towards Optimization of Energy Systems." Energies 14, no. 9: 2544.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2021 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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The rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources and climatic changes has triggered the researchers' attention to find an alternative and renewable energy source. Thus, biodiesel has been recognized as a potential alternative to petrodiesel for its biodegradability, non-toxicity, and environment-friendly attributes. In this study, an efficient and recyclable Cu–Ni doped ZrO2 catalyst was synthesized and used to produce biodiesel from a novel non-edible caper (Capparis spinosa L.) seed oil. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by x-ray diffraction, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray analysis. The catalyst was reused in four consecutive transesterification reactions without losing any significant catalytic efficiency. Transesterification reaction conditions were optimized via response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design for predicting optimum biodiesel yields by drawing 3D surface plots. Maximum biodiesel yield of 90.2% was obtained under optimal operating conditions of 1:6 M ratio of oil to methanol, reaction temperature of 70 °C, reaction time of 1.5 h, and 2.5% catalyst loading. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C) analysis confirmed the high quality of biodiesel produced from non-edible caper (Capparis spinosa L.) seed oil. The fuel properties of the produced biodiesel were also found, such as kinematic viscosity (4.17 cS T), density (0.8312 kg/L), flash point (72 °C), acid no (0.21 mgKOH/g) and sulphur content (0.00042 wt%). These properties were matched and are in close agreement with the International Biodiesel Standards of European Union (EU-14214), China GB/T 20,828 (2007), and American (ASTM6751). Thus, non-edible Capparis spinosa L. seed oil and Cu–Ni doped ZrO2 catalyst appeared to be highly active, stable, and cheap candidates to boost the future biodiesel industry.

ACS Style

Mamoona Munir; Mushtaq Ahmad; Muhammad Saeed; Amir Waseem; Abdul-Sattar Nizami; Shazia Sultana; Muhammad Zafar; Mohammad Rehan; Gokul Raghavendra Srinivasan; Arshid Mahmood Ali; Muhammad Ishtiaq Ali. Biodiesel production from novel non-edible caper (Capparis spinosa L.) seeds oil employing Cu–Ni doped ZrO2 catalyst. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2021, 138, 110558 .

AMA Style

Mamoona Munir, Mushtaq Ahmad, Muhammad Saeed, Amir Waseem, Abdul-Sattar Nizami, Shazia Sultana, Muhammad Zafar, Mohammad Rehan, Gokul Raghavendra Srinivasan, Arshid Mahmood Ali, Muhammad Ishtiaq Ali. Biodiesel production from novel non-edible caper (Capparis spinosa L.) seeds oil employing Cu–Ni doped ZrO2 catalyst. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2021; 138 ():110558.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mamoona Munir; Mushtaq Ahmad; Muhammad Saeed; Amir Waseem; Abdul-Sattar Nizami; Shazia Sultana; Muhammad Zafar; Mohammad Rehan; Gokul Raghavendra Srinivasan; Arshid Mahmood Ali; Muhammad Ishtiaq Ali. 2021. "Biodiesel production from novel non-edible caper (Capparis spinosa L.) seeds oil employing Cu–Ni doped ZrO2 catalyst." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 138, no. : 110558.

Journal article
Published: 18 November 2020 in Energy Conversion and Management
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An industrial-scale molasses-based bioethanol production system was modeled and studied by conducting exergy, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental analyses. The entire process was represented by a control volume, and its exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental parameters were determined using the specific exergy costing (SPECO) approach. These exergy-based analyses were carried out to measure the overall exergy dissipation, cost, and environmental impact of the bioethanol production process based on actual operational thermodynamic, economic, and environmental data. Natural gas showed the highest contribution to the total input exergy (61.1%) and total environmental impact rate (56.6%) of the process, while the highest contribution to its total cost rate (75.7%) was from molasses. The exergetic efficiency determined for the process was 35.9%, while the exergy dissipation accounted for 60.8% of its total input exergy. The unit exergoeconomic costs of the fuel and product were determined to be 6.2 and 20.9 USD/GJ, while the unit exergoenvironmental impacts of the fuel and product were 15.5 and 31.5 mPts/GJ, respectively. The exergoeconomic factor of the process was found to be 29.4%, while the exergoenvironmental factor was 0.74%. Overall, natural gas consumption was the most significant exergetic hotspot of the process, and hence more exergetically-sustainable alternatives should be considered to improve the process. Low-cost waste feedstocks need to be utilized to improve the economic viability of the process.

ACS Style

Sama Amid; Mortaza Aghbashlo; Meisam Tabatabaei; Keikhosro Karimi; Abdul-Sattar Nizami; Mohammad Rehan; Homa Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha; Mohamad Mojarab Soufiyan; Wanxi Peng; Su Shiung Lam. Exergetic, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental aspects of an industrial-scale molasses-based ethanol production plant. Energy Conversion and Management 2020, 227, 113637 .

AMA Style

Sama Amid, Mortaza Aghbashlo, Meisam Tabatabaei, Keikhosro Karimi, Abdul-Sattar Nizami, Mohammad Rehan, Homa Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, Mohamad Mojarab Soufiyan, Wanxi Peng, Su Shiung Lam. Exergetic, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental aspects of an industrial-scale molasses-based ethanol production plant. Energy Conversion and Management. 2020; 227 ():113637.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sama Amid; Mortaza Aghbashlo; Meisam Tabatabaei; Keikhosro Karimi; Abdul-Sattar Nizami; Mohammad Rehan; Homa Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha; Mohamad Mojarab Soufiyan; Wanxi Peng; Su Shiung Lam. 2020. "Exergetic, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental aspects of an industrial-scale molasses-based ethanol production plant." Energy Conversion and Management 227, no. : 113637.

Waste and biomass management and valorization
Published: 06 November 2020 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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Forest harvesting activities on peatlands have long been associated with nutrient leaching and deterioration of downstream water quality. This study aims to assess the effect of grass seeding practice on harvested blanket peatlands to immobilize N and reduce its export to water courses. First, a plot-scale field experiment was conducted by seeding with two grass species (Holcus lanatus and Agrostis capillaris) to study the N uptake potential from a harvested area. Secondly, a simulated rainfall experiment was conducted to study the effect of these grasses on reducing N leaching from surface peat using laboratory flume approach. In the end, the role of seeded grasses in removing N from nutrient-rich throughflow water was assessed using simulated overland flow experiment. The results showed that the seeded grasses had the potential to uptake over 30 kg ha−1 of N in the first year after seeding on harvested peatlands, whereas it takes over 2.5 years to establish the same level of N uptake by natural re-vegetation (non-grassed). In the simulated rainfall experiment, the inorganic N (NH4+-N and NO3−-N) leaching in surface runoff from grassed flumes was 72% lower (453 mg m−2) than non-grassed flumes (1643 mg m−2). In the simulated overland flow experiment, the N retention by grassed flumes was significantly higher (98%) as compared to non-grassed flumes (70%) in the simulated overland flow experiment. Comparatively higher concentrations of NH4+-N and NO3−-N in soil porewaters of non-grassed flumes suggest that this N retention by non-grassed flumes is less sustainable and is likely to be leached in runoff in subsequent flow events. The results from all three experiments in this study suggest that seeded grasses are a major sink of N on harvested blanket peatland forests. Immobilization of N onsite using the grass seeding and mini-buffer practice could be an efficient and a feasible mean of reducing N export from harvested blanket peatland forests in order to protect the sensitive water courses. However, the sustainability of retention and immobilization of N by grasses needs to be studied further in long-term field-scale experiments on multiple peatland sites.

ACS Style

Zaki-Ul-Zaman Asam; Connie O’Driscoll; Mohsin Abbas; Mark O’Connor; Muhammad Waqas; Mohammad Rehan; Abdul-Sattar Nizami; Liwen Xiao. Mechanism and role of seeded native grasses to immobilize nitrogen on harvested blanket peat forests for protection of water courses. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2020, 28, 24756 -24770.

AMA Style

Zaki-Ul-Zaman Asam, Connie O’Driscoll, Mohsin Abbas, Mark O’Connor, Muhammad Waqas, Mohammad Rehan, Abdul-Sattar Nizami, Liwen Xiao. Mechanism and role of seeded native grasses to immobilize nitrogen on harvested blanket peat forests for protection of water courses. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 28 (19):24756-24770.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zaki-Ul-Zaman Asam; Connie O’Driscoll; Mohsin Abbas; Mark O’Connor; Muhammad Waqas; Mohammad Rehan; Abdul-Sattar Nizami; Liwen Xiao. 2020. "Mechanism and role of seeded native grasses to immobilize nitrogen on harvested blanket peat forests for protection of water courses." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 19: 24756-24770.

Journal article
Published: 27 October 2020 in Environmental Research
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This study focused on producing high quality and yield of biodiesel from novel non-edible seed oil of abundantly available wild Raphnus raphanistrum L. using an efficient, recyclable and eco-friendly copper modified montmorillonite (MMT) clay catalyst. The maximum biodiesel yield of 83% was obtained by base catalyzed transesterification process under optimum operating conditions of methanol to oil ratio of 15:1, reaction temperature of 150 °C, reaction time of 5 h and catalyst loading of 3.5%. The synthesized catalyst and biodiesel were characterized for their structural features and chemical compositions using various state-of-the-art techniques, including x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The fuel properties of the biodiesel were estimated including kinematic viscosity (4.36 cSt), density (0.8312 Kg/L), flash point (72 °C), acid value (0.172 mgKOH/g) and sulphur content (0.0002 wt.%). These properties were compared and found in good agreement with the International Biodiesel Standards of American (ASTM-951, 6751), European Committee (EN-14214) and China GB/T 20828 (2007). The catalyst was re-used in five consecutive transesterification reactions without losing much catalytic efficiency. Overall, non-edible Raphnus raphanistrum L.. seed oil and Cu doped MMT clay catalyst appeared to be highly active, stable, and cheap contenders for future biofuel industry. However, detailed life cycle assessment (LCA) studies of Raphnus raphanistrum L. seed oil biodiesel are highly recommended to assess the technical, ecological, social and economic challenges.

ACS Style

M. Munir; M. Ahmad; M. Rehan; M. Saeed; Su Shiung Lam; A.S. Nizami; A. Waseem; S. Sultana; M. Zafar. Production of high quality biodiesel from novel non-edible Raphnus raphanistrum L. seed oil using copper modified montmorillonite clay catalyst. Environmental Research 2020, 193, 110398 .

AMA Style

M. Munir, M. Ahmad, M. Rehan, M. Saeed, Su Shiung Lam, A.S. Nizami, A. Waseem, S. Sultana, M. Zafar. Production of high quality biodiesel from novel non-edible Raphnus raphanistrum L. seed oil using copper modified montmorillonite clay catalyst. Environmental Research. 2020; 193 ():110398.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Munir; M. Ahmad; M. Rehan; M. Saeed; Su Shiung Lam; A.S. Nizami; A. Waseem; S. Sultana; M. Zafar. 2020. "Production of high quality biodiesel from novel non-edible Raphnus raphanistrum L. seed oil using copper modified montmorillonite clay catalyst." Environmental Research 193, no. : 110398.

Journal article
Published: 07 October 2020 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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This paper critically reviews the current status of utilization of municipal solid waste and biomass blends for energy and resources recovery together with identifying the opportunities for future development in technological equipment and physicochemical waste compositions involved in such complex processes. Among numerous thermochemical conversion techniques, gasification of municipal solid waste with different biomass blends has unveiled as an auspicious technology to develop a sustainable waste management system that would substantially reduce pollution and maximize energy and materials recovery. Municipal solid wastes and biomass have different properties and elemental compositions and are abundantly available. These materials have the potential to produce various types of value-added products in terms of energy and chemicals through the gasification process. Recently, hybrid systems have been introduced with simple gasification technologies in terms of fuel oxidation system, plasma torch, or some biochemical conversion systems to enhance the process efficiency, energy, economics, quality, the yield of syngas, and to alter the composition of gaseous products. Consequently, gasification of biomass and waste would be the most suitable option to reduce toxic elements and harmful gases for the surroundings. For instant, ecological influence is not the real issue for limitation of biomass and waste gasification development, while a feasible economic return could appeal to investors and initiate its commercialization. Energy and resource recovery is assessed as an integrated approach to overcoming limitations. Also, techno-economic and environmental impact, life cycle assessment, and their implications are discussed in detail. Key bottlenecks that need urgent attention to facilitate global recognition of hybrid technology are highlighted.

ACS Style

Zeeshan Hameed; Muhammad Aslam; Zakir Khan; Khuram Maqsood; A.E. Atabani; Moinuddin Ghauri; Muhammad Shahzad Khurram; Mohammad Rehan; Abdul-Sattar Nizami. Gasification of municipal solid waste blends with biomass for energy production and resources recovery: Current status, hybrid technologies and innovative prospects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2020, 136, 110375 .

AMA Style

Zeeshan Hameed, Muhammad Aslam, Zakir Khan, Khuram Maqsood, A.E. Atabani, Moinuddin Ghauri, Muhammad Shahzad Khurram, Mohammad Rehan, Abdul-Sattar Nizami. Gasification of municipal solid waste blends with biomass for energy production and resources recovery: Current status, hybrid technologies and innovative prospects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2020; 136 ():110375.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zeeshan Hameed; Muhammad Aslam; Zakir Khan; Khuram Maqsood; A.E. Atabani; Moinuddin Ghauri; Muhammad Shahzad Khurram; Mohammad Rehan; Abdul-Sattar Nizami. 2020. "Gasification of municipal solid waste blends with biomass for energy production and resources recovery: Current status, hybrid technologies and innovative prospects." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 136, no. : 110375.

Review article
Published: 17 August 2020 in Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
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An increasing interest in biochar application has opened many multidisciplinary research areas in science. Biochar can be produced by thermochemical conversion of organic biomass in an oxygen-deficient condition. Extensive research has been conducted on the potential of biochar for agronomic applications, such as soil fertility improvement and carbon sequestration due to its specific mineralogical composition and long-term stability in the soil. Using biochar for environmental remediation has also been recognized recently as a promising area of research for its unique physicochemical characteristics, redox potential, and adsorption capacity. However, the published works are mostly focused only on the agronomic and environmental applications with little information presented to elucidate the different mechanisms involved. This study, therefore, aims to examine the influence of controlling parameters during biochar production, such as pyrolysis temperature, residence time, and types of feedstock on the characteristics of biochar. Various mechanisms explaining the potential of biochar for the environmental and agronomic applications are discussed in detail. The challenges faced in biochar development and its field applications for agronomic and environmental remediation purposes are also highlighted. Finally, recommendations for future research are given on the development of biochar with high redox functional groups and sorption potential as well as on understanding the behavior of biochar under the natural field conditions.

ACS Style

M. Waqas; Z. Asam; M. Rehan; M. N. Anwar; Riaz A. Khattak; I. M. I. Ismail; M. Tabatabaei; A. S. Nizami. Development of biomass-derived biochar for agronomic and environmental remediation applications. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 2020, 11, 339 -361.

AMA Style

M. Waqas, Z. Asam, M. Rehan, M. N. Anwar, Riaz A. Khattak, I. M. I. Ismail, M. Tabatabaei, A. S. Nizami. Development of biomass-derived biochar for agronomic and environmental remediation applications. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2020; 11 (2):339-361.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Waqas; Z. Asam; M. Rehan; M. N. Anwar; Riaz A. Khattak; I. M. I. Ismail; M. Tabatabaei; A. S. Nizami. 2020. "Development of biomass-derived biochar for agronomic and environmental remediation applications." Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 11, no. 2: 339-361.

Original article
Published: 13 April 2020 in Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
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Growing environmental concern and rapid consumption of poor biodegradable mineral oils have triggered the need for the development of eco-friendly biodegradable bio-based oils with low toxicity and excellent lubricating performance. The study aims to produce and evaluate the performance of date seed (Phoenix dactylifera L.) oil, which is abundantly available in the Middle East region, as an alternative bio-based lubricant. The optimum date seed oil (DSO) yield of 6% was achieved using solvent extraction of date seeds with particle size of 1 mm, hexane solvent to seed ratio of 6:1, and processing time of 18 hours. The physicochemical properties of the DSO were found such as its clear yellow color, density of 0.907 g/cm3, iodine value of 13.28 gl2/100 g, saponification value of 162.5 mg KOH/g, and acid value of 1.4 mg KOH/g. Moreover, fatty acid composition was analyzed employing quantitative gas chromatography (GC), and the oleic acid (41.1%), linoleic acid (21.4%), and palmitic acid (11.3%) were found to be the major unsaturated fatty acids. The pour and flash points were around -10 °C and 140 °C, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the produced DSO is thermally stable at up to 300 °C. The rheological properties such as viscosity (41.62 cSt at 40 °C and 8.13 cSt at 100 °C) and viscosity index 173 were also assessed. These properties along with tribological properties of the DSO were compared with other bio-based oils and commercial SAE20W40 mineral oil. Overall, the characteristics of the DSO showed good potential to be developed into a bio-based lubricant. Furthermore, its properties can be enhanced by adding suitable additives. The findings of this study will help in developing eco-friendly bio-based industrial lubricants.

ACS Style

Mohammed Shabbir Ahmed; K. Prabhakaran Nair; Mohammed Sadique Khan; Ali Algahtani; Mohammad Rehan. Evaluation of date seed (Phoenix dactylifera L.) oil as crop base stock for environment friendly industrial lubricants. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 2020, 11, 559 -568.

AMA Style

Mohammed Shabbir Ahmed, K. Prabhakaran Nair, Mohammed Sadique Khan, Ali Algahtani, Mohammad Rehan. Evaluation of date seed (Phoenix dactylifera L.) oil as crop base stock for environment friendly industrial lubricants. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2020; 11 (2):559-568.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammed Shabbir Ahmed; K. Prabhakaran Nair; Mohammed Sadique Khan; Ali Algahtani; Mohammad Rehan. 2020. "Evaluation of date seed (Phoenix dactylifera L.) oil as crop base stock for environment friendly industrial lubricants." Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 11, no. 2: 559-568.

Journal article
Published: 21 January 2020 in Journal of Environmental Management
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This study critically reviews the recent developments and future opportunities pertinent to the conversion of CO2 as a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) to fuels and valuable products. CO2 emissions have reached an alarming level of around 410 ppm and have become the primary driver of global warming and climate change leading to devastating events such as droughts, hurricanes, torrential rains, floods, tornados and wildfires across the world. These events are responsible for thousands of deaths and have adversely affected the economic development of many countries, loss of billions of dollars, across the globe. One of the promising choices to tackle this issue is carbon sequestration by pre- and post-combustion processes and oxyfuel combustion. The captured CO2 can be converted into fuels and valuable products, including methanol, dimethyl ether (DME), and methane (CH4). The efficient use of the sequestered CO2 for the desalinization might be critical in overcoming water scarcity and energy issues in developing countries. Using the sequestered CO2 to produce algae in combination with wastewater, and producing biofuels is among the promising strategies. Many methods, like direct combustion, fermentation, transesterification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion (AD), and gasification, can be used for the conversion of algae into biofuel. Direct air capturing (DAC) is another productive technique for absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere and converting it into various useful energy resources like CH4. These methods can effectively tackle the issues of climate change, water security, and energy crises. However, future research is required to make these conversion methods cost-effective and commercially applicable.

ACS Style

M.N. Anwar; A. Fayyaz; N.F. Sohail; M.F. Khokhar; M. Baqar; A. Yasar; K. Rasool; A. Nazir; M.U.F. Raja; M. Rehan; M. Aghbashlo; M. Tabatabaei; A.S. Nizami. CO2 utilization: Turning greenhouse gas into fuels and valuable products. Journal of Environmental Management 2020, 260, 110059 .

AMA Style

M.N. Anwar, A. Fayyaz, N.F. Sohail, M.F. Khokhar, M. Baqar, A. Yasar, K. Rasool, A. Nazir, M.U.F. Raja, M. Rehan, M. Aghbashlo, M. Tabatabaei, A.S. Nizami. CO2 utilization: Turning greenhouse gas into fuels and valuable products. Journal of Environmental Management. 2020; 260 ():110059.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M.N. Anwar; A. Fayyaz; N.F. Sohail; M.F. Khokhar; M. Baqar; A. Yasar; K. Rasool; A. Nazir; M.U.F. Raja; M. Rehan; M. Aghbashlo; M. Tabatabaei; A.S. Nizami. 2020. "CO2 utilization: Turning greenhouse gas into fuels and valuable products." Journal of Environmental Management 260, no. : 110059.

Editorial
Published: 24 December 2019 in Applied Energy
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This editorial is prepared for the Applied Energy Journal as a Virtual Special Issue (VSI) and it overviews the research work presented at the NAXOS 2018 6th International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, held from 13th to 16th June 2018 in Naxos Island, Greece. The research articles presented in VSI highlight the recent developments in waste valorisation for the recovery of energy, fuels and value-added products. They also cover the primary hurdles and potential solutions moving towards more sustainable society. This editorial not only presents the overall summary of the extended research papers from NAXOS 2018, but also provides an overview of the current trends and developments in the fields of waste management, waste valorization, and energy production systems. The articles published in this VSI cover a wide range of topics, including energy recovery from waste, waste to energy technologies, sustainable energy systems, anaerobic digestion, thermal arc plasma gasification, microalgal-based biorefinery, waste management, modelling of advanced gasification systems, waste valorization, and microbial fuel cell technology. 10 manuscripts, out of total 21 extended mansucripts invited, were accepted for publication in the Applied Energy Journal through peer review process conducted by the expert reviewers in the relevant fields with the aid of the guest editors.

ACS Style

K. Moustakas; Mohammad Rehan; M. Loizidou; Abdul-Sattar Nizami; M. Naqvi. Energy and resource recovery through integrated sustainable waste management. Applied Energy 2019, 261, 114372 .

AMA Style

K. Moustakas, Mohammad Rehan, M. Loizidou, Abdul-Sattar Nizami, M. Naqvi. Energy and resource recovery through integrated sustainable waste management. Applied Energy. 2019; 261 ():114372.

Chicago/Turabian Style

K. Moustakas; Mohammad Rehan; M. Loizidou; Abdul-Sattar Nizami; M. Naqvi. 2019. "Energy and resource recovery through integrated sustainable waste management." Applied Energy 261, no. : 114372.

Journal article
Published: 24 December 2019 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a sustainable wastewater treatment technology which facilitates energy, nutrient, and water recovery from organic wastes. The agricultural and industrial wastes are suitable substrates for the AD, as they contain a high level of biodegradable compounds. The aim of this study was to examine the AD of three different concentrations of phenol (100, 200, and 300 mg/L) containing wastewater with and without co-substrate (acetate) at four different temperatures (25, 35, 45, and 55 °C) to produce methane (CH4)-enriched biogas. It was observed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and phenol removal efficiencies of up to 76% and 72%, respectively, were achieved. The CH4 generation was found higher in anaerobic batch reactors (ABRs) using acetate as co-substrate, with the highest yield of 189.1 μL CH4 from 500 μL sample injected, obtained using 200 mg/L of phenol at 35 °C. The results revealed that the performance of ABR in terms of degradation efficiency, COD removal, and biogas generation was highest at 35 °C followed by 55, 45, and 25 °C indicating 35 °C to be the optimum temperature for AD of phenolic wastewater with maximum energy recovery. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the morphology of the anaerobic sludge depends greatly on the temperature at which the system is maintained which in turn affects the performance and degradation of toxic contaminants like phenol. It was observed that the anaerobic sludge maintained at 35 °C showed uniform channels leading to higher permeability through enhanced mass transfer to achieve higher degradation rates. However, the denser sludge as in the case of 55 °C showed lesser permeability leading to limited transfer and thus reduced treatment. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis revealed a more noteworthy change in the population of the microbial communities due to temperature than the presence of phenol with the methanogens being the dominating species at 35 °C. The findings suggest that the planned operation of the ABR could be a promising choice for CH4-enriched biogas and COD removal from phenolic wastewater.

ACS Style

Nishat Khan; Mohammad Danish Khan; Suhail Sabir; Abdul-Sattar Nizami; Abdul Hakeem Anwer; Mohammad Rehan; Mohammad ZainKhan. Deciphering the effects of temperature on bio-methane generation through anaerobic digestion. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2019, 27, 29766 -29777.

AMA Style

Nishat Khan, Mohammad Danish Khan, Suhail Sabir, Abdul-Sattar Nizami, Abdul Hakeem Anwer, Mohammad Rehan, Mohammad ZainKhan. Deciphering the effects of temperature on bio-methane generation through anaerobic digestion. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2019; 27 (24):29766-29777.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nishat Khan; Mohammad Danish Khan; Suhail Sabir; Abdul-Sattar Nizami; Abdul Hakeem Anwer; Mohammad Rehan; Mohammad ZainKhan. 2019. "Deciphering the effects of temperature on bio-methane generation through anaerobic digestion." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 24: 29766-29777.

Journal article
Published: 05 December 2019 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Sustainability in power generation mainly depends on the transition from fossils to sustainable energy resources. Biomass from the crop residue has huge potential for renewable power generation, but it is still not utilized to its full potential. This study presents a comprehensive methodology to evaluate and forecast the current and future availability of selective crop residue to generate renewable energy. A forecast model incorporating historical trends in the crop yield has been developed in MATLAB and implemented for crop residue based biomass resource assessment of five primary crops (wheat straw, rice husk, rice straw, cotton straw, corn stover, and bagasse) in order to estimate the energy generation potential for Pakistan from 2018 till 2035. It was found that about 40 million tonnes of crop residue was available in Pakistan for power generation in the year 2018 considering a residue removal (availability) factor of 50%. This translates to an estimated potential of about 11,000 MW of electricity generation capacity using crop residue derived biomass for 2018. This capacity is predicted to gradually increase up to 16,000 MW by the year 2035 based on the trends in the growth of crop production since 2001. The suitability of a potential region for the installation of 100 MW biomass-fired power plants was also assessed by calculating crop residue density and an equivalent collection radius (Re) of 50 km (km). Punjab province of Pakistan, being an agricultural province, with relatively better road infrastructure can sustain crop residue based power plants of up to 7000 MW cumulative capacity at various locations. The challenges, such as economic, logistics, regulatory and political barriers, in generating renewable energy from biomass along with their potential solutions were also discussed. The study also provides a baseline for future research to evaluate and forecast the growth in bio-power generation potential of any biomass resource in a region based on crop yield and area of the region.

ACS Style

M. Kashif; M.B. Awan; S. Nawaz; M. Amjad; B. Talib; M. Farooq; A.S. Nizami; M. Rehan. Untapped renewable energy potential of crop residues in Pakistan: Challenges and future directions. Journal of Environmental Management 2019, 256, 109924 .

AMA Style

M. Kashif, M.B. Awan, S. Nawaz, M. Amjad, B. Talib, M. Farooq, A.S. Nizami, M. Rehan. Untapped renewable energy potential of crop residues in Pakistan: Challenges and future directions. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019; 256 ():109924.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Kashif; M.B. Awan; S. Nawaz; M. Amjad; B. Talib; M. Farooq; A.S. Nizami; M. Rehan. 2019. "Untapped renewable energy potential of crop residues in Pakistan: Challenges and future directions." Journal of Environmental Management 256, no. : 109924.

Journal article
Published: 16 October 2019 in Current Organic Chemistry
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Abdul-Sattar Nizami; Mohammad Rehan. Waste Biomass Utilization for Value-added Green Products. Current Organic Chemistry 2019, 23, 1497 -1498.

AMA Style

Abdul-Sattar Nizami, Mohammad Rehan. Waste Biomass Utilization for Value-added Green Products. Current Organic Chemistry. 2019; 23 (14):1497-1498.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdul-Sattar Nizami; Mohammad Rehan. 2019. "Waste Biomass Utilization for Value-added Green Products." Current Organic Chemistry 23, no. 14: 1497-1498.

Review
Published: 07 October 2019 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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This editorial prepared for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews as a Virtual Special Issue overviews the research work presented at the NAXOS 2018 6th International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, held from the 13th June to 16th June 2018 in Naxos Island, Greece. The research work published in this Virtual Special Issue is focused not only on the recent advances in the areas of renewable and sustainable energy systems, but also highlights the key issues and challenges faced with potential solutions and way forward. This editorial summarises the review and original research articles from NAXOS 2018, as well as providing a comprehensive overview of the current trends in the field of renewable and sustainable energy systems. The articles published in this Virtual Special Issue cover a wide range of energy-related topics, including biofuels and bioenergy, biorefineries, wind energy, energy sustainability, biomass, waste to energy technologies, life cycle assessment study, energy and materials recovery from waste and integrated waste management techniques. A total of 29 extended manuscripts were invited, 19 of which were accepted for publication in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews after vigorous review process carried out by expert reviewers in the field with the help of guest editors.

ACS Style

K. Moustakas; M. Loizidou; Mohammad Rehan; Abdul-Sattar Nizami. A review of recent developments in renewable and sustainable energy systems: Key challenges and future perspective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2019, 119, 109418 .

AMA Style

K. Moustakas, M. Loizidou, Mohammad Rehan, Abdul-Sattar Nizami. A review of recent developments in renewable and sustainable energy systems: Key challenges and future perspective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2019; 119 ():109418.

Chicago/Turabian Style

K. Moustakas; M. Loizidou; Mohammad Rehan; Abdul-Sattar Nizami. 2019. "A review of recent developments in renewable and sustainable energy systems: Key challenges and future perspective." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 119, no. : 109418.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2019 in Bioresource Technology Reports
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Hamed Kazemi Shariat Panahi; Meisam Tabatabaei; Mortaza Aghbashlo; Mona Dehhaghi; Mohammad Rehan; Abdul-Sattar Nizami. Recent updates on the production and upgrading of bio-crude oil from microalgae. Bioresource Technology Reports 2019, 7, 1 .

AMA Style

Hamed Kazemi Shariat Panahi, Meisam Tabatabaei, Mortaza Aghbashlo, Mona Dehhaghi, Mohammad Rehan, Abdul-Sattar Nizami. Recent updates on the production and upgrading of bio-crude oil from microalgae. Bioresource Technology Reports. 2019; 7 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamed Kazemi Shariat Panahi; Meisam Tabatabaei; Mortaza Aghbashlo; Mona Dehhaghi; Mohammad Rehan; Abdul-Sattar Nizami. 2019. "Recent updates on the production and upgrading of bio-crude oil from microalgae." Bioresource Technology Reports 7, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 29 August 2019 in Journal of Environmental Management
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This paper aims to examine the influence of various catalysts on biodiesel production, especially from non-food feedstocks with an ambition to optimize the catalytic biodiesel production. Homogenous acid catalysts are mainly used in biodiesel production, but they cannot be recovered and demand costly fuel purification as being corrosive. Similarly, enzyme catalysts are expensive in industrial-scale production of biodiesel. However, heterogeneous catalysts simplify the easy separation of product and by-products from the catalyst along with catalyst reusability and reduction of waste. Solid acid and base catalysts offer more advantages due to their non-toxicity, high surface area, reusability, higher stability, and the simplicity of purification. Solid base catalysts yield better activity than solid acid catalysts, however, they cannot esterify large amounts of free fatty acids (FFAs) in non-food feedstocks. The solid acid catalysts have the added advantages of being more tolerant to high amounts of FFAs and being able to simultaneously esterify FFAs and transesterify triglycerides in cheap feedstocks like waste cooking oil. Recently, an array of inorganic, organic and polymeric solid acid and nanomaterial-based catalysts have been developed using cheap feedstocks. However, the issues of low reactivity, small pore sizes, low stabilities, long reaction times, and high reaction temperatures still need to be solved. The developments of producing efficient, cheap, durable, and stable solid acid and nanomaterial-based catalysts have been critically reviewed in this study. Furthermore, the challenges and future perspectives of production of biodiesel and its industry growth have also been discussed.

ACS Style

Jabbar Gardy; Mohammad Rehan; Ali Hassanpour; Xiaojun Lai; Abdul-Sattar Nizami. Advances in nano-catalysts based biodiesel production from non-food feedstocks. Journal of Environmental Management 2019, 249, 109316 .

AMA Style

Jabbar Gardy, Mohammad Rehan, Ali Hassanpour, Xiaojun Lai, Abdul-Sattar Nizami. Advances in nano-catalysts based biodiesel production from non-food feedstocks. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019; 249 ():109316.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jabbar Gardy; Mohammad Rehan; Ali Hassanpour; Xiaojun Lai; Abdul-Sattar Nizami. 2019. "Advances in nano-catalysts based biodiesel production from non-food feedstocks." Journal of Environmental Management 249, no. : 109316.

Journal article
Published: 19 August 2019 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Fabrication of superior and cost-effective cathodic materials is vital in manufacturing sustainable microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) for biofuels production. In the present study, a novel manganese dioxide (MnO2) coated felt cathode (Mn/CF) has been developed for MECs using electrodeposition method via potentiostat. MnO2 is considered to encourage exogenous electron exchange and, in this way, improves the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2). MnO2, as a cathodic catalyst, enhances the rate of biofuel production, electron transfer, and significantly reduces the cost of MECs. A maximum stabilized current density of 3.70 ± 0.5 mA/m2 was obtained in case of MnO2-coated Mn/CF based MEC, which was more than double the non-coated carbon felt (CF) cathode (1.70 ± 0.5 mA/m2). The dual chamber Mn/CF-MEC achieved the highest production rate of acetic acid (37.9 mmol/L) that was significantly higher (43.0%) in comparison to the non-coated CF-MEC. The cyclic voltammograms further verified the substantial enhancement in the electron transfer between the MnO2 coated cathode and microbes. The obtained results demonstrate that MnO2 interacted electrochemically with microbial cells and enhanced the extracellular electron transfer, therefore validating its potential role in biofuel production. The MnO2 coated CF further offered higher electrode surface area and better electron transfer efficiency, suggesting its applicability in the large-scale MECs.

ACS Style

A.H. Anwer; M.D. Khan; N. Khan; A.S. Nizami; M. Rehan. Development of novel MnO2 coated carbon felt cathode for microbial electroreduction of CO2 to biofuels. Journal of Environmental Management 2019, 249, 109376 .

AMA Style

A.H. Anwer, M.D. Khan, N. Khan, A.S. Nizami, M. Rehan. Development of novel MnO2 coated carbon felt cathode for microbial electroreduction of CO2 to biofuels. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019; 249 ():109376.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A.H. Anwer; M.D. Khan; N. Khan; A.S. Nizami; M. Rehan. 2019. "Development of novel MnO2 coated carbon felt cathode for microbial electroreduction of CO2 to biofuels." Journal of Environmental Management 249, no. : 109376.

Editorial article
Published: 12 June 2019 in Frontiers in Energy Research
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Editorial: Waste Biorefineries: Future Energy, Green Products and Waste Treatment

ACS Style

Mohammad Rehan; Abdul-Sattar Nizami; Umer Rashid; Muhammad Raza Naqvi. Editorial: Waste Biorefineries: Future Energy, Green Products and Waste Treatment. Frontiers in Energy Research 2019, 7, 1 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Rehan, Abdul-Sattar Nizami, Umer Rashid, Muhammad Raza Naqvi. Editorial: Waste Biorefineries: Future Energy, Green Products and Waste Treatment. Frontiers in Energy Research. 2019; 7 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Rehan; Abdul-Sattar Nizami; Umer Rashid; Muhammad Raza Naqvi. 2019. "Editorial: Waste Biorefineries: Future Energy, Green Products and Waste Treatment." Frontiers in Energy Research 7, no. : 1.