In this study, the quality of sediment and surface water in two natural wetlands, Paca and Tragadero, in the central region of Peru was evaluated using pollution indices, including the geoaccumulation index, pollutant load index, modified pollution degree, potential ecological risk index, and site rank index, for four heavy metals. Principal component analysis was used to identify potential metal contaminant sources. The determination of Fe, Zn, Pb, and As was performed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The average concentrations of metals in the sediments of both lagoons decreased in the order Fe > Zn > Pb > As. The analysis of the contamination indices determined that As and Pb are the elements that contribute the most to environmental degradation in both wetlands. There is a strong correlation between the values of potential ecological risk and the modified degree of contamination, revealing that the Paca wetland has a moderate degree of contamination and potential ecological risk, while Tragadero presents a high degree of contamination and considerable potential ecological risk. The application of the site rank index showed that more than 50% of the sampling sites have between high and severe contamination. The principal component analysis presented 79.2% of the total variance. Finally, the results of this study are essential in order to carry out preventive actions for environmental protection in these lake ecosystems of great importance for many activities, such as bird watching.

In late December 2019, the emerging disease COVID-19 was identified as a global pandemic. Countries around the world have implemented various types of blockades to stop this infection. These health measures have led to a significant reduction in air pollution. However, the impact of these measures on aquatic environments has been little analyzed. In this context, the water quality of rivers in the Mantaro River basin was evaluated using multivariate statistical methods and heavy metal contamination indices during the health crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic. Surface water samples were collected in triplicate from 15 sampling sectors at the end of the rainy season, between March and April. Concentrations of Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn and As were determined by the method of atomic absorption flame spectrophotometry. The average concentrations of heavy metals and arsenic in the rivers evaluated did not exceed the environmental quality standards for drinking water of the Peruvian, WHO and US EPA regulations, except for Pb, Fe and As in the Mantaro River and As in the Chia River. PCA presented a total variation percentage of 83.8%. The results showed a clear positive relationship between the five heavy metals and metalloids. The hierarchical cluster analysis according to Spearman’s correlation generated a dendrogram where the five chemical elements were grouped in two statistically significant groups, one group conglomerating to Cu, Pb, Zn and Fe and the other group to As. PERMANOVA partition shows that the spatial effects of the sectors are strong and significant. The HPI revealed that 13.33% of the sampling sectors exceeded the critical contamination value (150). The Cd revealed low degree of contamination (<1) in 86.67% of the sampling sectors

Soil quality is usually determined by its physical-chemical characteristics without taking into account the bacterial communities that play a fundamental role in the chemical decomposition of plant nutrients. In this context, the objective of the study was to evaluate bacterial diversity in high Andean grassland soils disturbed with Lepidium meyenii cultivation under different gradients of use (first, second and third use) and crop development (pre-sowing, hypocotyl development and post-harvest). The sampling was carried out in the Bombón plateau in the central Andes of Peru, during the rainy and low water seasons, by the systematic method based on a specific pattern assigned in a geometric rectangular shape at a depth of 0 - 20 cm. The characterization of the bacterial communities was carried out through the metagenomic sequencing of the 16S rRNA. 376 families of bacteria were reported, of which it was determined that there was a significant change in bacterial composition and distribution in relation to use pressure. There were no major changes due to the development of Lepidium meyenii. The families most sensitive to use pressure and soil poverty indicators were Verrucomicrobiaceae, Acidobacteraceae and Aakkermansiaceae.

Bamboo is a plant from India, South America, and South Africa. It is a renewable resource because it does not need seeds for reproduction. Among its multiple uses, the best known is the use of wood, as well. It has culinary properties and is used for meals such as stews and salads. Bamboo is a natural resource that is a fundamental part of the development of the economy of rural communities in Peru. This research aimed to analyze the socioeconomic and environmental aspects that have to do with the cultivation of bamboo in the district of Imaza, specifically in the Native community of Umukai - Nazareth. The study sample consisted of bamboo producers from the Apacun Majai Agropiscícolas Association. This research was basic, non-experimental, with a quantitative approach. The methodology applied was a structured survey applied to the community under study. The main results showed that bamboo is part of the alternatives for the recovery and strengthening of soils due to its rapid growth, firmness in the earth, and carbon capture. In the same way, it was verified in the main results that bamboo favors the economic, productive, and social aspects of the studied community, contributing to sustainable rural development.

This paper presents the challenges that must be assumed in the training of engineers so that these professionals have the hard and soft skills necessary to face the challenges of industry 4.0. The present demands professionals with high skills in new technologies, constantly changing, making universities mustreinforce their curricula for teaching so that learning can be permanent and effective. The permanent reinforcement in the curriculum, the focus on industrial and technological education, and a global vision will be the key for universities to achieve competitive professionals. For this work, the actions of some publicuniversities in the training of engineers were analyzed. Finally, an analysis of the strategies universities must assume so that future engineers have sufficient and necessary skills for modern industry is presented. En este trabajo se presentan los retos que deben asumirse en la formación de ingenieros, para que estos profesionales tengan las habilidades duras y blandas necesarias para afrontar los desafíos de la industria 4.0. El presente exige profesionales con altas habilidades en nuevas tecnologías, cambiantesconstantemente, haciendo que las universidades deban reforzar sus currículos para la enseñanza, tal que el aprendizaje pueda ser permanente y efectivo. El refuerzo permanente en la malla curricular, el enfoque hacia la educación industrial y tecnológica y con una visión global, serán la clave para que las universidades logren profesionales competitivos. Para este trabajo se analizaron las acciones de algunas universidades públicas en la formación de ingenieros, y finalmente se presenta un análisis de las estrategias que deberán asumir las universidades para que el futuro ingeniero tenga las habilidades suficientes y necesarias para la industria moderna.

La Universidad Nacional Intercultural “Fabiola Salazar Leguía” de Bagua, la componen su población estudiantil en proporciones casi igualitarias, estudiantes mestizos y Awajún. Actualmente se han desarrollado tres ciclos de educación universitaria en sus tres carreras profesionales: Biotecnología, Negocios Globales e Ingeniería Civil. Las tres carreras antes mencionadas cuentan en su malla curricular con el curso de lengua nativa en el primer ciclo de su formación profesional, representando para ellos como lengua nativa el Awajún. Este curso es muy importante para el aprendizaje, socialización y vigencia de su lengua, el cual se imparte en el mismo espacio y tiempo para ambas etnias, representando para los mestizos y originarios un curso que requiere mucho estudio y memoria en el aprendizaje de vocabularios tanto para la escritura como para la pronunciación, como lo demuestran los resultados de los ciclos 2018-I y 2019, donde los niveles de desaprobación en los estudiantes en general son bastante frecuentes, lo cual demuestra la necesidad de reforzar en estrategias de enseñanza aprendizaje intercultural. El objetivo de la presente investigación es la de incorporar la lengua Awajún en comandos o sentencias en el manejo de robótica, a través de talleres que se programan periódicamente uno por semestre, lo cual propicia un ambiente de aprendizaje lúdico de la lengua originaria y de otros cursos, así como de espacios de relación intercultural entre los actores del aprendizaje.