High ethanol tolerance is an exquisite characteristic of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which enables this microorganism to dominate in natural and industrial fermentations. Up to now, ethanol tolerance has only been analyzed in laboratory yeast strains with moderate ethanol tolerance. The genetic basis of the much higher ethanol tolerance in natural and industrial yeast strains is unknown. We have applied pooled-segregant whole-genome sequence analysis to map all quantitative trait loci (QTL) determining high ethanol tolerance. We crossed a highly ethanol-tolerant segregant of a Brazilian bioethanol production strain with a laboratory strain with moderate ethanol tolerance. Out of 5974 segregants, we pooled 136 segregants tolerant to at least 16% ethanol and 31 segregants tolerant to at least 17%. Scoring of SNPs using whole-genome sequence analysis of DNA from the two pools and parents revealed three major loci and additional minor loci. The latter were more pronounced or only present in the 17% pool compared to the 16% pool. In the locus with the strongest linkage, we identified three closely located genes affecting ethanol tolerance: MKT1, SWS2, and APJ1, with SWS2 being a negative allele located in between two positive alleles. SWS2 and APJ1 probably contained significant polymorphisms only outside the ORF, and lower expression of APJ1 may be linked to higher ethanol tolerance. This work has identified the first causative genes involved in high ethanol tolerance of yeast. It also reveals the strong potential of pooled-segregant sequence analysis using relatively small numbers of selected segregants for identifying QTL on a genome-wide scale.

Summary: Hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) is becoming increasing routine for monitoring changes in the structural dynamics of proteins. Differential HDX-MS allows comparison of protein states, such as in the absence or presence of a ligand. This can be used to attribute changes in conformation to binding events, allowing the mapping of entire conformational networks. As such, the number of necessary cross-state comparisons quickly increases as additional states are introduced to the system of study. There are currently very few software packages available that offer quick and informative comparison of HDX-MS datasets and even fewer which offer statistical analysis and advanced visualization. Following the feedback from our original software Deuteros, we present Deuteros 2.0 which has been redesigned from the ground up to fulfill a greater role in the HDX-MS analysis pipeline. Deuteros 2.0 features a repertoire of facilities for back exchange correction, data summarization, peptide-level statistical analysis and advanced data plotting features.Availability and implementation: Deuteros 2.0 can be downloaded for both Windows and MacOS from https://github.com/andymlau/Deuteros_2.0 under the Apache 2.0 license.