The reactions of octachlorocyclotetraphosphazene, N₄P₄Cl₈, with N-alkyl-N-mono-ferrocenyldiamines, FcCH₂NH(CH₂)_nNHR¹ [n = 2, Fc = ferrocene, R¹ = Me (1); n = 2, R¹ = Et (2) and n = 3, R¹ = Me (3)], led to the formation of monoferrocenyl-spirocyclotetraphosphazenes (4–6). When the reactions were carried out with excess pyrrolidine, morpholine and 1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4,5]decane (DASD), the fully substituted products (4a–6c) were obtained in high yields. The structures of all the phosphazene derivatives were characterized by MS, FTIR, ¹H, ¹³C and ³¹P NMR, HSQC and HMBC techniques. The crystal structures of 4a and 5a were determined by X-ray crystallography. The electrochemically reversible one-electron oxidation of Fc redox centers was observed for cyclotetraphosphazenes. The fully substituted phosphazenes (4a–6c) were evaluated for their antituberculosis activity against reference strain Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, and compounds 4a–6a and 5c were found to be active. The antibacterial activities of phosphazenes 4a–6c against G(+) and G(−) bacteria and their antifungal activities against yeast strains were carefully scrutinized. The results indicate that compounds 4a–6a, 6b, 4c and 5c are very effective against yeast strains. The anticandidal activities of 6a and 6b make them promising anticandidal agents. The interactions of these compounds with plasmid DNA and their cytotoxic activity against L929 fibroblast and DLD-1 colon cancer cell lines were also investigated.

The condensation reactions of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (N₃P₃Cl₆, trimer) with the symmetric N₂N₂ or N₂O₂ donor type tetradentate bulky ligands (1–4) gave partly substituted spiro-bino-spiro (sbs) (5–8) trimeric phosphazenes. Compounds 5–8 reacted with pyrrolidine, morpholine and 1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4,5]decane (DASD) to give octapyrrolidino- (9–12), morpholino- (13–16) and DASD-substituted cyclotriphosphazenes (17–20). The structures of the phosphazenes have been elucidated using FTIR, MS, ¹H, ¹³C{¹H} and ³¹P{¹H} NMR, and HSQC spectral data. The molecular and solid-state structures of 5, 6 and 12 were verified by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. On the other hand, the ultrathin and highly ordered Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films of compounds 6, 7, 9 and 12 were also fabricated. The structural characterization of the LB films was made using p-polarized grazing angle (GAIR) and horizontal attenuated total reflectance (HATR) techniques. All the novel phosphazene derivatives were evaluated for antibacterial activities against Gram-positive (G+) and Gram-negative (G−) bacteria and for antifungal activities against yeast strains. In addition, the cytotoxic effects of compounds 9, 13, 15, 16, 19 and 20 were investigated against L929 fibroblast and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The most active one among these compounds was compound 9 at 6.25 μg mL⁻¹ concentration. The interactions between compounds 5–20 and pBR322 plasmid DNA were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis.

This study investigates the chemical composition and antioxidant properties of coffee beans at different roasting stages, namely green coffee, filter-roasted coffee, and espresso-roasted coffee. Using a Golden Roaster machine, specific roasting profiles were developed to achieve distinct flavor characteristics: an intense flavor and balanced acidity for espresso, and a balanced, complex taste for filter coffee. Results indicate that filter-roasted coffee exhibits the highest radical scavenging activity, as evidenced by its lowest IC ₅₀ value for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition. Green coffee demonstrates superior iron chelation activity, while filter-roasted coffee contains the highest flavonol content and espresso-roasted coffee has the highest flavonoid content. Bacterial sensitivity tests show that both filter-roasted and espresso-roasted coffee are effective against certain strains, including Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis identifies key compounds such as caffeine and 4,4-dimethyl-3-(3-methylbut-3-enylidene)-2-methylenebicyclo [4.1.0] heptane in filter-roasted coffee, and 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) buta-1,3-diene in espresso-roasted coffee. Molecular docking and in silico molecule’s absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME) studies suggest potential pharmaceutical applications for coffee compounds. These findings provide valuable insights into coffee’s complex chemistry and its health-related properties. Additionally, the importance of coffee profiling in bioprocesses is highlighted by the need to carefully analyze the profiling process to optimize the biological effects and health benefits of these compounds. Coffee profiling not only enhances consumer taste experiences but also contributes to a better understanding of coffee’s potential health benefits by effectively identifying biomolecules and nutrients for use in bioprocesses. Graphical Abstract