In the context of tourism, sports are one of the major attractions countries offer. There cannot be the slightest doubt about the relevance of sports activities for the economy. Previous studies assessing the economic impact of sporting events have usually been partial equilibrium studies. This article contributes to the emerging body of literature by explicitly incorporating four categories of sports tourism events (competitions, championships, tournaments, and leagues), so as to study the effects of sports tourism demand on the economic system in terms of income and added value. It further examines their relative, rather than individual, impact on the regional economy of Castile and Leon through a fixed price multiplier model based on the regional social accounting matrix. The results reveal that sports tourism events represent 3.1% of the regional gross domestic product, highlighting the importance of this sector for its economy.

The aim of this study was to examine the reliability of performance measures in the different phases and sub-phases of the countermovement jump (CMJ). Seventeen male athletes competing at a regional level completed 204 valid trails consisting of the execution of maximal hands-on-waist CMJs performed on a force platform. The vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) data obtained at a sampling frequency of 1000 Hz were used to calculate performance-derived variables and determine key points and jump sub-phases. The relative reliability of 92 variables was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) from a two-way mixed effects model analyzing the time, force, power, velocity, and displacement variables across the different phases and sub-phases of the jump. The contact phase serves as a consistent approach (range ICC = .806 to .987), providing reliable information about the jump as a unit. Mean force was the only measure that presented high reliable values throughout all sub-phases (ICC = .931 to .963). The power and velocity variables were reliable from the point where force turned into an increasing value while displacement from minimum velocity was reached. Net impulse and ratios of force development showed high and acceptable values, respectively. Time-related variables were the least reliable measures (ICC = .587 to .720), showing acceptable reliability only in the contact phase and propulsive sub-phase. In conclusion, VGRF may be used to determine specific parameters during CMJ execution, although the appropriate variables should be selected based on acceptable levels of reliability.

We examine the differences in running performance demands and tactical individual actions for male amateur football wingers in four tactical formations: 4-2-3-1, 4-4-2, 3-5-2 and 3-4-2-1 during an entire season. Running demands were assessed in terms of: total distance run; distance traveled at 3 different speed ranges (Jogging, Running, and Sprinting); and number of accelerations registered in two different magnitude bands (Medium and High) while tactical individual actions were assessed through 3269 team match observations. 3-5-2 formation entails the highest running demands, exhibiting significant disparities in Jogging when compared to 4-2-3-1 and 3-5-2, in Sprinting when comparing 4-2-3-1 with both the 3-5-2 and the 3-4-2-1 formations. Moreover, the wingers in the 3-5-2 formation demonstrate the lowest scores in various tactical individual actions, including Shots: 3-5-2 vs. 3-4-2-1; Goal Area Shots: 3-5-2 vs. 3-4-2-1; and Dribbles: 3-5-2 vs. 3-4-2-1. Finally, wingers registered the highest levels of defensive tactical individual actions in 4-4-2 and 3-5-2. Findings suggest it would be of benefit for coaches to focus on formulating specific training plans to address the specific demands placed on wingers playing in these amateur matches and running performance demands and tactical individual actions should be considered together with tactical formation.

The aim of this study was to analyse and quantify the acute effects of competition on several performance factors in under-19 male soccer players. To this end, 198 national league players (17.56 ± 0.78 years) performed various tests to measure jump capacity, kicking velocity and sprint times immediately pre-match (T1), at half-time (T2) and post-match (T3). Tests included kicking the ball to measure ball velocity (KICK), sprinting for 40 meters, timing the first 30 meters (30mACCEL), the last 10 meters (10mACCEL) and the total distance (40mACCEL), and performing countermovement jumps (CMJ). For subsequent analysis, the sample was divided into 5 playing positions: goalkeepers (n = 24), defenders (n = 51), midfielders (n = 36), wingers (n = 54) and forwards (n = 33). For all positions, we found a significant decline in performance (p<0.05) for kicking velocity (2.91% - 6.51%) and sprinting (0.44%-5.85%). For the CMJ, all positions except defenders presented a significant decline in performance that ranged from 1.5% to 4.56%. These findings highlight the need to individualise fitness training, taking into account the match needs and demands of the different playing positions in order to minimise the effects of match fatigue and accelerate post-match recovery.

El objetivo de este artículo se centra en el estudio de aporte económico de las diversas competiciones deportivas de una comunidad autónoma española. Para el estudio se seleccionaron de forma aleatoria 6.981 asistentes en eventos deportivos. Los resultados exponen diversas tendencias que, basadas en evidencias, pueden resultar de utilidad para los responsables de gobierno encargados del desarrollo de políticas de promoción del turismo deportivo. El impacto total de las actividades deportivas sobre el producto interior bruto (PIB) en la economía de Castilla y León, a precios básicos, puede estimarse en 1.655.438.627 € y el mayor efecto de las actividades deportivas es el asociado a las ligas con un impacto total de 930.236.097 €. Más del 82% de los asistentes no residían en la ciudad del evento y su estancia medía estuvo comprendida entre los 1,38 días de los campeonatos y los 4,56 de los torneos. Además, el mayor gasto medio por participante en alojamiento y comida y bebida se encontró en las ligas con una distribución entre el 27% (en alojamiento) y el 51,9% (en comida y bebida). Palabras clave: turismo activo; matriz de contabilidad social; políticas turísticas; gastos The main scope of this paper examines the economic weight of the different competitive sporting practices of a regional economy of Spain. 6,981 participating people in sporting events were randomly selected. The results present some trends that could be of real use for governments to develop evidence-based policies related to sport tourism promotion. The economic impact of sports activities on the gross domestic product at basic prices may be estimated as €1,655,438,627 on the economy of Castile and Leon and the greatest effect from sporting activities is that associated with leagues and their total impact is €930,236,097. More than 82% of participating people did not be resident in the city country and the average stay of the participants ranged from 1.38 days for the championships and 4.56 days for the tournaments. Furthermore, average expenses per participant in accommodation and food and drink are those with the highest values acquired during the leagues, with a range between 27% (in accommodation) and 51,9% (in food and drink). Keywords: active tourism; social accounting matrix; tourism policy; planning; expenditures.

El concepto efecto relativo de la edad hace referencia a las consecuencias de las diferencias físicas y psicológicas que pueden existir entre los nacidos más temprana y más tardíamente dentro del mismo año natural. El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar dicho fenómeno en los lanzadores y lanzadoras españoles menores de 18 años (Sub-18) y de 14 años (Sub-14), identificando la influencia de la disciplina deportiva. La muestra comprendía 1960 lanzadores participantes de las concentraciones técnicas de la Real Federación Española de Atletismo (RFEA) entre los años 2005 y 2018. El análisis estadístico se basó en la prueba chi-cuadrado con un cálculo posterior de los odds ratios y el intervalo de confianza del 95%. Los principales resultados revelan que en todas las disciplinas (disco, jabalina, martillo y peso) hay una sobrerrepresentación de los sujetos nacidos en los primeros meses, siendo mayor la diferencia en lanzamiento de peso y observándose una reducción de dicho efecto con la maduración de los lanzadores. Podemos concluir que la estructura del atletismo español fomenta la aparición de este fenómeno, probablemente por el temprano proceso de selección de lanzadores.